Diagnostic Exam - Competency Appraisal

Psychological Assessment

refers as the gathering and integration of psychology-related data for the purpose of making a psychological evaluation that is accomplished through the use of tools

Psychological Testing

process of measuring psychology-related variables by means of devices or procedures designed to obtain a sample of behavior

Psychological Testing

process of administering, scoring, and interpreting psychological tests

Testing: Objective

Usually uses numerical attributes

Testing: Process

May be individual r by group in nature

Testing: Role of Evaluator

Tester is not the key to the process.

Testing: Outcome

Usually, testing yields a test score or series of test scores

Assessment: Objective

Usually answers referral questions through the use of various tools

Assessment: Process

Typically individualized; focuses on how the individual processes rather than simply the results of that processing

Assessment: Role of Evaluator

The assessor is key to the process

Assessment: Outcome

It usually entails a logical problem-solving approach that is designed to answer the chief complaint/referral question

Referral Questions

oftentimes referred to as reason for referral, which pertains to the rationale for requesting that a client undergoes a psychological evaluation

Explicit Referral Questions

those that are clearly stated by the referral source

Implicit Referral Questions

those that the assessor tries to discover, as they considers all the aspects of the case

Test

a measuring device or procedure

Psychological Test

refers to a device or procedure designed to measure variables related to psychology

Standardized

the test has uniformity of procedure in administration and scoring.

Standardized

exact materials employed, time limits, and oral instructions to subjects

Objectivity

It implies that scoring and interpretation are objective insofar that they are independent of the subjective judgment of the individual examiner

Reliability

it implies that there is a consistency of scores obtained by the same person/s when retested with an identical test or equivalent form

Validity

it refers to the degree which the test actually measures what it purports to measure

Appropriateness of Difficulty level

it refers to the level of difficulty of each item of the test as a whole and the appropriateness to the population for whom it is designed

Ease of administration

it answers questions such as "How long is the test?", "Does it require additional instructions from the examiner?", "Can it be group administered?", "Are there separate time limits for each subtest?"

Intelligence Test

measures general potential to solve problems, adapt to changing circumstances, think abstractly and profit from experience

Aptitude Test

measures the potential for learning or acquiring a specific skill

Achievement Test

measures previous learning

Interest Test

measures an individual's likes and dislikes along occupational preferences usually.

Personality Test

tests which measure typical behavior like traits, disposition, temperament and attitudes

Structured Personality Test

provides self-report statements which requires the examinee to choose between two or more alternative responses

Projective Test

provides an ambiguous or vague stimulus wherein the examinee presents an open-ended response

Individual Test

these are tests that can only be given to only one person at a time

Group Test

these are tests that can be administered to more than one person at a time by a single examiner

Classification

assigning a person to one category rather than another

• Placement
• Screening
• Certification
• Selection

Diagnosis and Treatment

determine the nature and the underlying cause of a person's abnormal behavior and classify those behavioral patterns within an accepted diagnostic system

Self-Knowledge

psychological tests can also supply a potent source of self-knowledge about an individual's intelligence and personality characteristics

Program Evaluation

another use of psychological tests is the systematic assessment and evaluation of educational and social programs

Research

tests also play a major role in both applied and theoretical branches of behavioral research

Test Catalogues

A catalogue distributed by the publisher of the test.
It contains brief description of the test and seldom contain the kind of detailed technical information.

Test Manuals

development of a particular test and technical information relating to it

Reference Volume

provides detailed information for each test listed, including test publisher, test author, test purpose, intended test population, and test administration time
Mental Measurements Yearbook

Journal Articles

contain reviews of the test, updated or independent studies of its psychometric soundness, or examples of how the instrument was used in either research or an applied context

On-line Databases

contains a wealth of resources and news about tests, testing, and assessment

Other Sources

school library and scientific papers

Test Developers/Test Publishers

creator and/or distributor of tests or other methods of assessments

Test User

professionals (clinicians, counsellors, experimental psychologists, HR) qualified to use the test

Testtake

anyone who is subject of an assessment or evaluation

Society-at-large

as society evolves and as the need to measure different psychological variables emerges, test developers respond by devising new tests

Interview

method of gathering information through direct communication involving reciprocal exchange

Behavioral Observation

monitoring the actions of others or oneself by visual or electronic means while recording quantitative and/or qualitative information regarding the actions

Portfolio

samples of one's ability and accomplishment

Case History Data

refers to records, transcripts, and other accounts in written, pictorial, or other form that preserve archival information, official and informal accounts, and other data and items relevant to an assessee

Role-Play Test

a tool of assessment wherein assessees are directed to act as if they were in a particular situation

Computer-Assisted Psychological Assessment (CAPA)

refers to the assistance computers provide to the test user, not the testtaker

Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT)

a form of computer-based test that adapts to the examinee's ability level

Protocol

refers to the form or sheet or booklet on which the testtaker's responses are entered

Alternate Assessment

is an evaluative or diagnostic procedure or process that varies from the usual, customary, or standardized way a measurement is derived either by virtue of some special accommodation made to the assessee or by means of alternative methods designed to measure the same variable(s)

Accomodation

may be defined as the adaptation of a test, procedure, or situation, or the substitution of one test for another, to make the assessment more suitable for an assessee with exceptional needs

Christian Van Wolff

He had anticipated psychology as a science and psychological measurement as a specialty within that science.

Charles Darwin

in his book, The Origin of Species (1859), emphasized the importance of understanding individual differences

Wilhelm Max Wundt

founded the first experimental psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany

What Wundt's student formulate a general description of human attributes?

Reaction, Attention span, and perception

James McKeen Cattell

is responsible for getting mental testing underway in America and coined the term mental test in 1890

Victor Henri

a Frenchman, collaborated with Alfred Binet on papers suggesting how mental tests could be utilized to measure higher mental processes

Emil Kraeplin

an early experimenter, who used word association as a formal test

Lightner Witmer

is the little-known founder of clinical psychology, successor of Cattell; challenged to treat a "chronic bad speller"

founded first psychological clinic in US at the University of Pennsylvania

Alfred Binet and Victor Henri

published several articles in which they argued for the measurement of abilities such as memory and social comprehension

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

published a 30-item "measuring scale of intelligence" designed to identify Paris Schoolchildren with Intellectual Disability.

David Weschler

a clinical psychologist at Bellevue Hospital in New York, introduced a test designed to measure adult intelligence

Robert Yerkes

the president of American Psychological Association during that time, developed two structured group tests of human abilities: Army Alpha and Army Beta

Army Alpha

Literate recruits

Army Beta

Illiterate recruits

Robert S. Woodworth

the chair of a governmental Committee on Emotional Fitness, developed a measure of adjustment and emotional stability that can be administered quickly and efficiently to military recruits

Personal Data Sheet

the label of the test used by Woodworth to disguise the true purpose of the test

Self-Report

process whereby the assesees themselves supply assessment-related information by responding to questions, keeping a diary, or self-monitoring thoughts or behaviors.

Rorschach test

a series of inkblots, is a widely-known projective test developed by Hermann Rorschach

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

developed by Henry Murray and Christiana Morgan in 1935, uses pictures as projective stimuli.

Raymond Cattell

also introduced the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), one of the most well-constructed personality test which was developed with the aid of factor analysis

Factor-Analysis

a method of finding minimum number of dimensions called factors, to account for a large number of variables

Culture

the socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, and products of work of a particular population, community, or group of people totality of the way of life

Henry Goddard

adapted and translated the Binet Test to assess the intellectual functioning of people seeking to immigrate to United States

Culture-Specific Test

test designed for use with people with from one culture but not from another

Culture-Fair Test

tests which are developed to reduce cultural bias

Standards of Evaluation

evaluation of psychological traits are culturally relative to societal standards

Affirmative Action

voluntary and mandatory efforts undertaken by federal, state, and local governments, private employers, and schools to combat discrimination and to promote equal opportunity for all education and employment.

Laws

rules that individuals must obey for the good of the society as a whole or rules thought to be for the good of society as a whole

Ethics

a body of principles of right, proper, or good conduct

Code of Professional Ethics

it defines the standard of care expected of members of that profession

Standard of Care

average, reasonable, and prudent professional would provide diagnostic or therapeutic services under the same or similar conditions

General Principles (APA)

Beneficence and Nonmalificence
Fidelity and Responsibility
Integrity
Justice
Respect for People's Rights and Dignity

Statistics

a branch of mathematics that deals with the organization, summarization, analysis, and interpretation of group of numbers

Population

the set of all the individuals of interest in a particular study

Parameter

is a value—usually numerical value—that describes a population

Sample

a set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to represent the population in a particular study

Statistic

is a value—usually numerical value—that describes a sample

Variables

a characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals

Measurement

the act of assigning numbers or symbols to characteristics of things (people, events, whatever) according to rules

Scale

a set of numbers (or other symbols) whose properties model empirical properties of the objects to which the numbers are assigned and it can be categorized as continuous scale or discrete scale

Scales of Measurement

also called as levels of measurement, is a classification that describes the nature of information within the values assigned to variables

Nominal

this scale involve classification or categorization based on one or more distinguishing characteristics, where all things measured must be placed into mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories

Ordinal

rank-order classification