Alterations of Leukocytes and Lymphoid Function

Describe the two ways that leukocyte function may be altered.

Numbers of cells or function of cells.

Define leukocytosis and leukopenia.

Cytosis-more than normal; penia fewer than normal.

Describe some clinical manifestations of leukopenia

Infections, tachycardia, ulcers of the mouth and colon, fever septicemia, not feeling well.

What are the two major types of acute leukemia?

Non-lymphoblastic leukemia; lymphoblastic leukemia.

Describe some clinical manifestations of leukemia.

Anemia, bleeding, fever, anorexia, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, nervous system manifestations.

What is the Philadelphia chromosome? It is diagnostic for which of the leukemias?

• Shortened arm on chromosome 22

• Chronic leukemia

Describe the 2 types of chronic leukemia.

• CGL- more prominent and painful splenomegaly; hyperuricemia-gouty arthritis; infection, fever, and weight loss.

• CLL- malignant transformation of B cells; may be due to a deficiency of normal helper T cells with an increase in suppressor T cells; suppression of humoral immunity is the most significant clinical effect of CLL

Describe multiple myeloma

Neoplasm of B cells and mature plasma cells which cause malignant tumors throughout the skeletal and sometimes soft tissues; more common in black males over 40; blood levels Of IgM are elevated; Bence Jones proteins in urine.

Contrast Hodgkin disease with non-Hodgkin disease

Hodgkin lymphoma-Reed-Sternberg cells present; may present as a painless lump in the cervical region; spreads along the lymph drainage route; non-Hodgkin lymphoma often found in immunosuppressed individuals; B-cell abnormalities with impaired antibody production; the Cervical, axillary, inguinal, and femoral chains are involved, may involve extra nodal sites

Describe Burkitt lymphoma.

Tumor found in jaw and facial bones; more common in East Central Africa; disease of children

How do platelet alterations affect hemostasis?

 Preventing clotting or causing inappropriate clotting

Describe DIC.

Clotting occurs all over the body using clotting factors and may lead to bleeding.  Life-threatening disorders