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WHAP - Unit 1 Review

**view in light mode to see highlighted words properly :)

Developments in East Asia

How did developments in China and the rest of East Asia reflect continuity, innovation, and diversity?

Essential Question - 1.1

Song Dynasty (960–1279)

  • Social Organizations and Interactions

    • Scholar gentry

      • New social class

      • Men educated in Confucian philosophy

    • Merchants frowned upon

      • They didn’t “contribute anything to society” - they exchanged existing goods

    • Patriarchy

      • Foot binding

        • Common practice used to ensure women remained obedient to men

        • Limited their movement and made walking difficult

        • Women were told they would never marry if they had unbound feet

        • It signified social status as well

    • Filial Piety

      • Family members must submit to the desires of men and any rulers with more power

    • People live with extended families

  • Politics and Governance

    • Imperial bureaucracy

      • Continuity (Since Qin Dynasty)

      • Appointed officials carry out the empire’s policies

      • Bureaucracy grew so large and paid so well it drained the empire’s resources and weakened it significantly

    • Meritocracy

      • Officials are elected based on knowledge/merit

        • Performance on Civil Service Exam

        • The exam was available to men of any social class

          • Men from higher classes had access to better resources and didn’t have to work, so they still had an advantage

    • Strong centralized government

      • Continuity throughout Chinese history

  • Interactions with the Environment

    • Rapid population growth

    • Urbanization

      • China was the most urbanized land in the world with several cities

  • Cultural Developments

    • Intellectual pursuits thrived

      • Literature, visual arts, etc.

      • Poetry was popular among higher social classes who could afford it

    • Buddhism

      • Mahayana: Strongest in China; emphasis on aiding others achieve Nirvana

      • Tibetan: Combined Buddhism with Shintoism

      • Theravada: Focus on personal spiritual growth through meditation and self-reflection

      • Buddhism fused with other religions in China to become more appealing (Syncretism)

        • +Daoism

          • Zen/Chan Buddhism

        • +Daoism +Confucianism

          • Neo-Confucianism

  • Economic Systems

    • Grand Canal allowed for easier access to trade, resulting in China becoming the world’s most populous trading area

    • Inventions spread along the silk road

      • Proto industrialization

        • People in rural areas make more goods than they can sell

        • Home/community-based production with simple tools

        • Artisans produced steel in smelting facilities, also produced silk and porcelain

    • Most commercialized society

      • Local consumption → Market consumption

    • Controlled trade in the South China Sea

    • Taxes paid for public projects

    • Collected tributes from neighboring states

      • China believed that they were superior and other states had to pay tributes to honor the emperor

  • Technology and Innovations

    • Invention of Gunpowder

      • Also spread along silk road

    • Champa Rice

      • Extremely resilient crop: could grow multiple yields a year and thrive in harsh conditions

      • Surplus of food allowed for rapid population growth

    • Compass

      • Aided maritime navigation

    • Woodblock printing and paper

Japan (794-1185)

Heian Period

  • Social Organizations and Interactions

    • People born intro hereditary hierarchy

  • Politics and Governance

    • Emperor exists, but has little power

    • Feudalism

      • No centralized government

      • Land ruled by Daimyo

        • More powerful than Emperor and Shogun

  • Cultural Developments

    • Bushido

      • Emphasis on loyalty, honor, and martial arts

  • Technology and Innovations

    • Japanese writer wrote the world’s first novel

  • Effects of Sinification:

    • Emulation of Chinese traditions in politics, art, and literature

    • Woodblock printing from China

Korea

  • Social Organizations and Interactions

    • Powerful aristocracy

  • Politics and Governance

    • Centralized government

    • No merit-based way to enter bureaucracy

      • Only elites allowed

  • Cultural Developments

    • Confucianism

      • Educated elites

    • Buddhism

      • Poorer civilians

    • Adopted Chinese writing system

      • Didn’t work well

      • Unique language

  • Technology and Innovations

    • Eventually developed their own writing system

      • Not until 15th century

  • Effects of Sinification:

    • Emulation of Chinese-style centralized government

    • Confucian + Buddhist beliefs

    • Adopted Chinese writing system

Vietnam

  • Social Organizations and Interactions

    • Married women had more rights than Chinese women

    • Nuclear families

    • Scholars have more loyalty to villagers than elites

      • Scholars led revolts against officials

  • Politics and Governance

    • Villages operated independently from a national government

    • Adopted merit-based bureaucracy system

  • Cultural Developments

    • Rejected polygamy and foot binding

  • Effects of Sinification:

    • Launched rebellions against Chinese influence

    • Merit-based bureaucracy

Developments in Dar al-Islam

How did Islamic states arise, and how did major religious systems shape society?

Essential Question - 1.2

💡How and where did Islam arise and spread before 1450?

Abbasid Caliphate (1100-1200)

  • Social Organizations and Interactions

    • Merchants are more highly regarded than other societies

      • Sometimes sent out as missionaries

      • Muhammad was a merchant

    • Life for people in country/peasants remained unchanged as Abbasids took over

    • Slavery is allowed BUT can’t enslave Muslims, Christians, Zoroastrians, or Jews

      • Slaves converted to Islam and were freed

      • Slave women could earn money preforming to men, and sometimes saved enough to buy themselves freedom

    • Women in Islam had more rights than Christian women and Jewish women

      • Money paid to wife instead of father

      • Could practice birth control

      • No female infanticide

      • Wife could initiate divorce

      • Women could inherit property

  • Politics and Governance

    • Theocracy

    • Centralized government

    • In 1250, mamluks seized control of the government

      • Former slaves purchased by Arabs

      • Used for soldiers and later bureaucrats

    • Invaded/attacked by many other empires

      • Mamluks

      • Seljuks

      • Crusaders

      • Mongols

    • Common use of Sharia (Islamic Law) across Empires creates similar legal systems

      • Continuity

  • Interactions with the Environment

    • Population declines as trade moved further north

  • Cultural Developments

    • Islam originated in Mecca and diffused through trade and military conquest

    • Tolerated Christians and Jews

      • Dhimmi (People of the book)

      • Also tolerated monotheistic ppl who did good things

    • Many distinct cultural/ethnic groups across many regions

      • Formal region

    • Prioritize knowledge

      • Translated important Greek texts to Arabic

        • Saved Aristotle and other Greek thinkers

      • Studied mathematical texts from India and brought them to Europe

      • Adopted Chinese paper-making strategies and spread them to Europe

      • House of Wisdom in Baghdad

        • Scholars from all over were attracted to Baghdad to study

    • Sufism - Type of Islam

      • Introspection reveals truths that can’t be found by learning

    • Women cover faces and heads with a Hijab

      • Men also covered heads, but not faces

  • Economic Systems

    • Important link connecting trade between Asia, Europe, and North Africa

      • Goods and ideas flowed

      • Mainly through Baghdad

        • Trade slowly shifted north, and Baghdad lost importance

  • Technology and Innovations

    • Trigonometry

    • Accurate astronomical charts

    • Healthcare, idea of bacteria/airborne particles transmitting infections

Seljuk Empire (1000)

  • Social Organizations and Interactions

    • Former Abbasid slaves

  • Politics and Governance

    • Conquered parts of the Middle East

    • Leader called Sultan

  • Cultural Developments

    • Limited access to Christian Holy Sites

      • Christians sent out Crusaders to deal with them

        • European

Mamluk Sultanate (1250-1517)

  • Social Organizations and Interactions

    • Former slaves

  • Economic Systems

    • Facilitated trade using cotton and sugar between the Islamic world and Europe

Mongols (1258)

Conquered the Abbasid Empire and ended Seljuk rule

Al-Andalus (1258) (Spain)

  • Cultural Developments

    • Center of Wisdom

    • Christians, Jews, and Muslims lived + worked together, and influenced each other

  • Technology and Innovations

    • Largest library in the world (at the time)

Developments in South and Southeast Asia

How did the various beliefs and practices in South and Southeast Asia affect society and the development of states

Essential Question - 1.3

💡Compare the Indian Bakhti Movement to Sufism in Islam

💡Compare the Indian Caste System to Chinese social hierarchies from 1200 to 1450

South Asia

  • Social Organizations and Interactions

    • Lower caste Hindus converted to Islam in hopes of a higher social status

    • The Hindu caste system accepted Muslim newcomers, and they merged

  • Politics and Governance

    • North and south India developed separate political structures

      • South India - More stable

        • Chola dynasty

          • Sri Lanka today

        • Vijayanagara dynasty

      • Northern India - Less stable

        • Gupta empire

        • Rajput kingdoms

          • No government

          • Often at war

        • Islamic forces attacked Northern India

        • Delhi Sultanate (1200-1500)

          • Islamic forces conquered much of Northern India (and the region), including Delhi

          • Prevented the Mongols from conquering South Asia

          • Lost power in 1526

    • Never organized an efficient bureaucracy

  • Cultural Developments

    • Hinduism held the region together

    • Delhi Sultanate made some Hindus convert to Islam

    • Muslim merchants married Hindu women and converted them to Islam

    • Ideas flowed/mixed within different cultures

    • Urdu - Syncretic language

      • Grammatical patterns of Hindu

      • Arabic vocabulary

    • The Bakhti Movement

      • Importance of emotion in your spiritual life

      • People developed a strong attachment to a particular deity

      • No discrimination against women or lower social classes

  • Economic Systems

    • Jizya (tax on non-Muslims) imposed

  • Technology and Innovations

    • Indian algebra and geometry were translated into Arabic and spread throughout Dar al-Islam

      • Arabic numerals” originated in India

    • Arab astronomers and mathematicians added to Indian knowledge

Southeast Asia

  • Politics and Governance

    • Attacks from invaders generally was the reason behind the decline of these empires

  • Interactions with the Environment

    • Sea-based kingdoms

      • Srivijaya Empire (670-1025)

        • Hindu

      • Majapahit Kingdom (1293-1520)

        • Buddhist

    • Land-based kingdoms

      • Sinhala dynasties

        • Modern day Sri Lanka

      • Khmer/Angkor Empire

        • Situated near Mekong River and didn’t depend on maritime prowess for power

        • Became Buddhist at an unknown time

          • Construction of Angkor Wat - Buddhist temple

  • Cultural Developments

    • Arrival of Islam - 700s

      • Merchants hoping to have better relations with Islamic traders converted to Islam

      • Sufis did missionary work

    • Sinhala Dynasties - center of Buddhist studies

      • Buddhist priests advised the monarchs

  • Economic Systems

    • Indian merchants sold gold, silver, metal goods, and textiles in exchange for spices

  • Technology and Innovations

    • Many empires had complex irrigation and drainage systems that resulted in economic growth and prosperity

      • Farmers could harvest multiple yields yearly

Developments in the Americas

What states developed in the Americas, and how did they change over time?

Essential Question - 1.4

💡

Many features of Aztec + Mayan civilizations/culture originated from Olmecs (Pottery, sacrifices, ball courts, etc)

The Mississippian Culture (700s - 1600s)

  • Social Organizations and Interactions

    • Rigid class structure

      • Chief > Priests, Nobles > Farmers, Merchants, Artisans > Slaves

        • Slaves were usually POWs (Prisoners of war)

    • Women farm, men hunt

    • Matrilineal society

  • Politics and Governance

    • Chief - The “great sun”

      • Ruled each town

  • Interactions with the Environment

    • Began in the Mississippi River Valley

  • Cultural Developments

    • Built enormous earthen mounds

      • Cahokia - The largest

Chaco and Mesa Verde (800s - 1200s)

  • Interactions with the Environment

    • Dry region

      • Caused the decline of both empires

    • Trees were small and scarce

  • Technology and Innovations

    • Chaco

      • Built homes out of clay and stones

    • Mesa Verde

      • Built homes into the sides of cliffs using brick (sandstone)

The Maya City-States (250-900)

  • Social Organizations and Interactions

    • Men and women could be priests

  • Politics and Governance

    • City-states

      • Ruled by a king (usually men)

        • Claimed to be “descendants from god”

      • Wars fought between city-states for tribute (usually)

    • No military; citizens fought for their city states in the case of a war

  • Cultural Developments

    • Human sacrifice during religious ceremonies

  • Economic Systems

    • People paid taxes

      • Crops

      • Labor

  • Technology and Innovations

    • Concept of “0”

    • Rubber

    • Advanced calendar

The Aztecs/Mexicas (1200s - 1500)

  • Social Organizations and Interactions

    • Emperor > Nobles > Scribes, Healers > Craftspeople, Traders > Peasants, Soldiers

    • People could become slaves if captured OR refuse to pay taxes

    • Women highly valued bc they wove cloth required for tribute

      • Husbands sometimes got more than one wife to pay tributes

      • Women also had other jobs, and some knew how to read and write

  • Politics and Governance

    • Protected conquered ppl if they paid tribute

    • City-states grouped into provinces

    • Theocracy

    • Human sacrifice also demonstrated might of Aztec Empire

    • People sick of tribute and sacrifice revolted w help from Spain and overthrew Aztec Empire

  • Interactions with the Environment

    • Tenochtitlan on island in middle of lake to protect from attacks

      • Almost 200k ppl

    • Chinampas - Floating farms

  • Cultural Developments

    • Temples made of stone

    • Slaves sacrificed in religious ceremonies

    • Worshiped hundreds of deities

  • Economic Systems

    • Tribute system

      • Conquered ppl had to pay tribute, give land, fight in military

  • Technology and Innovations

    • Aqueducts

    • Lower level of technology made agriculture inefficient

The Incas (1438 - 1533)

  • Social Organizations and Interactions

    • Mit’a system

      • Mandatory public service

    • Priests were very important

      • Diagnosed illness

      • Predicted outcomes of battles

      • Solved crimes

      • Determined sacrifices

  • Politics and Governance

    • Many small tribes were conquered and combined

      • Split into 4 provinces

    • Dead rulers were mummified and continued to rule after death, keeping their possessions

  • Interactions with the Environment

    • European disease led to the decline

  • Cultural Developments

    • Inti, sun god

    • ONLY serious events call for human sacrifice

    • Some animism

  • Economic Systems

    • No tribute system

  • Technology and Innovations

    • Quipu

      • Knotted strings for math and messages

    • Waru waru agriculture

      • Terraces

    • Massive road system

Developments in Africa

How and why did states develop in Africa and change over time?

Essential Question - 1.5

💡To what extent did the decentralized political systems of the peoples in Inland Africa resemble those of the Inca?

Inner Africa

  • Politics and Governance

    • Kin-based networks

      • Ran by families

        • Head is the Chief

      • No centralized governments

      • Domination from outside due to lack of powerful government

  • Cultural Developments

    • Missionaries introduced Islam to the region in the 14th century (1300s)

  • Economic Systems

    • Hausa Kingdom City-States

      • States specialized in things

      • Benefitted from Trans-Saharan Trade

East + West Africa

  • Politics and Governance

    • Ghana - Centralized government

      • King and nobles

    • Zimbabwe - Monarchy

    • Defensive stone walls used for protection

  • Interactions with the Environment

    • Zimbabwe on coast, allowing for easier access to Indian Ocean

    • Zimbabwe - Overgrazing damaged environment and resulted in ppl abandoning city capital (Great Zimbabwe)

  • Cultural Developments

    • Zimbabwe - Architecture of stone demonstrated wealth

    • Swahili - Eastern syncretic language used in Indian Ocean Trade

    • Ethiopia - Christian nation, Islam spread in 7th century (600s)

      • Constructed stone churches to express power

      • Separated from Christian Europe and developed independently

  • Economic Systems

    • Ghana - Ivory and Gold traded to Muslim merchants

      • Exchanged for copper, salt, cloth, and tools

    • Mali - Muslim ruler established gold trade w rest of Islamic Africa and Arabic merchants

      • Wealth grew tremendously

      • Hajj to Mecca to show lavish displays of gold

    • Zimbabwe - Built wealth on trade, gold, grazing, and agriculture

      • Indian Ocean trade

    • Ethiopia - Traded goods from India

  • Technology and Innovations

    • Iron weapons

Sub-Saharan Africa

  • Social Organizations and Interactions

    • Groups based on age, gender, and kinship (family)

      • Young ppl work more

      • Elders more knowledge advice

    • Men dominated jobs w specific skills

      • Blacksmiths, etc

    • Women had domestic and agriculture jobs

    • Slavery is allowed and generally indicates a higher social status

    • Griots - story tellers

  • Politics and Governance

    • Zanj Rebellion - Slave revolts

  • Interactions with the Environment

    • Proximity to sea allowed for Indian Ocean slave trade

  • Cultural Developments

    • Music, art, and stories are valued

      • Songs and visual arts carried religious significance in addition to a cultural one

      • Preserved history orally

  • Economic Systems

    • Demand for slaves in the Middle East resulted in Indian Ocean slave trade

Developments in Europe

How did the beliefs and practices of the predominant religions, agricultural practices, and political decentralization affect European society from 1200-1450?

Essential Question - 1.6

💡Compare the rights of European women in the Middle Ages to those of another global region during this time period (East Asia, West Asia, South Asia, Africa)

💡Compare European feudalism to that of Japan

💡Evaluate the extent to which agriculture affected social organization in Europe from 1200-1450

💡Evaluate the extent to which the diffusion of Islam impacted the development of African states in the 1200 - 1450 time period.

💡Evaluate the extent to which belief systems and practices impacted South and Southeast Asian societies in the 1200 - 1450 time period.

💡Evaluate the extent to which European and East Asian state development differed in the 1200 to 1450 time period.

  • Social Organizations and Interactions

    • Women slowly gaining rights

      • Manor accounts

      • Religious skills allowed women to demonstrate leadership

      • Could be artisans and members of guilds

        • Guild: A medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often having considerable power.

    • Serfs - Peasants

  • Politics and Governance

    • Feudalism practiced

      • Nobles granted the use of land in exchange for loyalty + military service to the king

      • Fiefs - Plots of land granted to vassals (ppl lower social hierarchy)

    • Manorial System - Manors (large plots of land) produced enough resources to be self-sufficient

    • Later Middle Ages - Monarchies began implementing bureaucracies and militaries

    • Hundred Years War - England vs France

      • Use of gunpowder

      • People identified as English vs French

  • Interactions with the Environment

    • Societies → early urbanization

    • Little Ice Age

      • Lower temperatures lowered agricultural production ∴ cities grew slower and had less to trade

      • Increase in disease

      • Higher crime rates and antisemitism

  • Cultural Developments

    • Church was the leader in education

    • Philosophers, writers, and other thinkers were religious

    • Renaissance era

      • Humanism - Focus on individuals rather than God

      • Rise of powerful monarchies

      • Centralization of governments

      • Birth of nationalism

  • Economic Systems

    • Manorial System: Self-sufficient farming states where lords and peasants shared the land. Provided economic self-sufficiency and defense. 

    • Three-Field System: Crops were rotated through three different fields

      • One was planted with wheat or rye, crops that provided food. 

      • A second field was planted with beans and legumes, making the soil more fertile by adding nitrogen to the soil

      • Third field remain fallow

  • Technology and Innovations

    • Windmills

    • New plows

WHAP - Unit 1 Review

**view in light mode to see highlighted words properly :)

Developments in East Asia

How did developments in China and the rest of East Asia reflect continuity, innovation, and diversity?

Essential Question - 1.1

Song Dynasty (960–1279)

  • Social Organizations and Interactions

    • Scholar gentry

      • New social class

      • Men educated in Confucian philosophy

    • Merchants frowned upon

      • They didn’t “contribute anything to society” - they exchanged existing goods

    • Patriarchy

      • Foot binding

        • Common practice used to ensure women remained obedient to men

        • Limited their movement and made walking difficult

        • Women were told they would never marry if they had unbound feet

        • It signified social status as well

    • Filial Piety

      • Family members must submit to the desires of men and any rulers with more power

    • People live with extended families

  • Politics and Governance

    • Imperial bureaucracy

      • Continuity (Since Qin Dynasty)

      • Appointed officials carry out the empire’s policies

      • Bureaucracy grew so large and paid so well it drained the empire’s resources and weakened it significantly

    • Meritocracy

      • Officials are elected based on knowledge/merit

        • Performance on Civil Service Exam

        • The exam was available to men of any social class

          • Men from higher classes had access to better resources and didn’t have to work, so they still had an advantage

    • Strong centralized government

      • Continuity throughout Chinese history

  • Interactions with the Environment

    • Rapid population growth

    • Urbanization

      • China was the most urbanized land in the world with several cities

  • Cultural Developments

    • Intellectual pursuits thrived

      • Literature, visual arts, etc.

      • Poetry was popular among higher social classes who could afford it

    • Buddhism

      • Mahayana: Strongest in China; emphasis on aiding others achieve Nirvana

      • Tibetan: Combined Buddhism with Shintoism

      • Theravada: Focus on personal spiritual growth through meditation and self-reflection

      • Buddhism fused with other religions in China to become more appealing (Syncretism)

        • +Daoism

          • Zen/Chan Buddhism

        • +Daoism +Confucianism

          • Neo-Confucianism

  • Economic Systems

    • Grand Canal allowed for easier access to trade, resulting in China becoming the world’s most populous trading area

    • Inventions spread along the silk road

      • Proto industrialization

        • People in rural areas make more goods than they can sell

        • Home/community-based production with simple tools

        • Artisans produced steel in smelting facilities, also produced silk and porcelain

    • Most commercialized society

      • Local consumption → Market consumption

    • Controlled trade in the South China Sea

    • Taxes paid for public projects

    • Collected tributes from neighboring states

      • China believed that they were superior and other states had to pay tributes to honor the emperor

  • Technology and Innovations

    • Invention of Gunpowder

      • Also spread along silk road

    • Champa Rice

      • Extremely resilient crop: could grow multiple yields a year and thrive in harsh conditions

      • Surplus of food allowed for rapid population growth

    • Compass

      • Aided maritime navigation

    • Woodblock printing and paper

Japan (794-1185)

Heian Period

  • Social Organizations and Interactions

    • People born intro hereditary hierarchy

  • Politics and Governance

    • Emperor exists, but has little power

    • Feudalism

      • No centralized government

      • Land ruled by Daimyo

        • More powerful than Emperor and Shogun

  • Cultural Developments

    • Bushido

      • Emphasis on loyalty, honor, and martial arts

  • Technology and Innovations

    • Japanese writer wrote the world’s first novel

  • Effects of Sinification:

    • Emulation of Chinese traditions in politics, art, and literature

    • Woodblock printing from China

Korea

  • Social Organizations and Interactions

    • Powerful aristocracy

  • Politics and Governance

    • Centralized government

    • No merit-based way to enter bureaucracy

      • Only elites allowed

  • Cultural Developments

    • Confucianism

      • Educated elites

    • Buddhism

      • Poorer civilians

    • Adopted Chinese writing system

      • Didn’t work well

      • Unique language

  • Technology and Innovations

    • Eventually developed their own writing system

      • Not until 15th century

  • Effects of Sinification:

    • Emulation of Chinese-style centralized government

    • Confucian + Buddhist beliefs

    • Adopted Chinese writing system

Vietnam

  • Social Organizations and Interactions

    • Married women had more rights than Chinese women

    • Nuclear families

    • Scholars have more loyalty to villagers than elites

      • Scholars led revolts against officials

  • Politics and Governance

    • Villages operated independently from a national government

    • Adopted merit-based bureaucracy system

  • Cultural Developments

    • Rejected polygamy and foot binding

  • Effects of Sinification:

    • Launched rebellions against Chinese influence

    • Merit-based bureaucracy

Developments in Dar al-Islam

How did Islamic states arise, and how did major religious systems shape society?

Essential Question - 1.2

💡How and where did Islam arise and spread before 1450?

Abbasid Caliphate (1100-1200)

  • Social Organizations and Interactions

    • Merchants are more highly regarded than other societies

      • Sometimes sent out as missionaries

      • Muhammad was a merchant

    • Life for people in country/peasants remained unchanged as Abbasids took over

    • Slavery is allowed BUT can’t enslave Muslims, Christians, Zoroastrians, or Jews

      • Slaves converted to Islam and were freed

      • Slave women could earn money preforming to men, and sometimes saved enough to buy themselves freedom

    • Women in Islam had more rights than Christian women and Jewish women

      • Money paid to wife instead of father

      • Could practice birth control

      • No female infanticide

      • Wife could initiate divorce

      • Women could inherit property

  • Politics and Governance

    • Theocracy

    • Centralized government

    • In 1250, mamluks seized control of the government

      • Former slaves purchased by Arabs

      • Used for soldiers and later bureaucrats

    • Invaded/attacked by many other empires

      • Mamluks

      • Seljuks

      • Crusaders

      • Mongols

    • Common use of Sharia (Islamic Law) across Empires creates similar legal systems

      • Continuity

  • Interactions with the Environment

    • Population declines as trade moved further north

  • Cultural Developments

    • Islam originated in Mecca and diffused through trade and military conquest

    • Tolerated Christians and Jews

      • Dhimmi (People of the book)

      • Also tolerated monotheistic ppl who did good things

    • Many distinct cultural/ethnic groups across many regions

      • Formal region

    • Prioritize knowledge

      • Translated important Greek texts to Arabic

        • Saved Aristotle and other Greek thinkers

      • Studied mathematical texts from India and brought them to Europe

      • Adopted Chinese paper-making strategies and spread them to Europe

      • House of Wisdom in Baghdad

        • Scholars from all over were attracted to Baghdad to study

    • Sufism - Type of Islam

      • Introspection reveals truths that can’t be found by learning

    • Women cover faces and heads with a Hijab

      • Men also covered heads, but not faces

  • Economic Systems

    • Important link connecting trade between Asia, Europe, and North Africa

      • Goods and ideas flowed

      • Mainly through Baghdad

        • Trade slowly shifted north, and Baghdad lost importance

  • Technology and Innovations

    • Trigonometry

    • Accurate astronomical charts

    • Healthcare, idea of bacteria/airborne particles transmitting infections

Seljuk Empire (1000)

  • Social Organizations and Interactions

    • Former Abbasid slaves

  • Politics and Governance

    • Conquered parts of the Middle East

    • Leader called Sultan

  • Cultural Developments

    • Limited access to Christian Holy Sites

      • Christians sent out Crusaders to deal with them

        • European

Mamluk Sultanate (1250-1517)

  • Social Organizations and Interactions

    • Former slaves

  • Economic Systems

    • Facilitated trade using cotton and sugar between the Islamic world and Europe

Mongols (1258)

Conquered the Abbasid Empire and ended Seljuk rule

Al-Andalus (1258) (Spain)

  • Cultural Developments

    • Center of Wisdom

    • Christians, Jews, and Muslims lived + worked together, and influenced each other

  • Technology and Innovations

    • Largest library in the world (at the time)

Developments in South and Southeast Asia

How did the various beliefs and practices in South and Southeast Asia affect society and the development of states

Essential Question - 1.3

💡Compare the Indian Bakhti Movement to Sufism in Islam

💡Compare the Indian Caste System to Chinese social hierarchies from 1200 to 1450

South Asia

  • Social Organizations and Interactions

    • Lower caste Hindus converted to Islam in hopes of a higher social status

    • The Hindu caste system accepted Muslim newcomers, and they merged

  • Politics and Governance

    • North and south India developed separate political structures

      • South India - More stable

        • Chola dynasty

          • Sri Lanka today

        • Vijayanagara dynasty

      • Northern India - Less stable

        • Gupta empire

        • Rajput kingdoms

          • No government

          • Often at war

        • Islamic forces attacked Northern India

        • Delhi Sultanate (1200-1500)

          • Islamic forces conquered much of Northern India (and the region), including Delhi

          • Prevented the Mongols from conquering South Asia

          • Lost power in 1526

    • Never organized an efficient bureaucracy

  • Cultural Developments

    • Hinduism held the region together

    • Delhi Sultanate made some Hindus convert to Islam

    • Muslim merchants married Hindu women and converted them to Islam

    • Ideas flowed/mixed within different cultures

    • Urdu - Syncretic language

      • Grammatical patterns of Hindu

      • Arabic vocabulary

    • The Bakhti Movement

      • Importance of emotion in your spiritual life

      • People developed a strong attachment to a particular deity

      • No discrimination against women or lower social classes

  • Economic Systems

    • Jizya (tax on non-Muslims) imposed

  • Technology and Innovations

    • Indian algebra and geometry were translated into Arabic and spread throughout Dar al-Islam

      • Arabic numerals” originated in India

    • Arab astronomers and mathematicians added to Indian knowledge

Southeast Asia

  • Politics and Governance

    • Attacks from invaders generally was the reason behind the decline of these empires

  • Interactions with the Environment

    • Sea-based kingdoms

      • Srivijaya Empire (670-1025)

        • Hindu

      • Majapahit Kingdom (1293-1520)

        • Buddhist

    • Land-based kingdoms

      • Sinhala dynasties

        • Modern day Sri Lanka

      • Khmer/Angkor Empire

        • Situated near Mekong River and didn’t depend on maritime prowess for power

        • Became Buddhist at an unknown time

          • Construction of Angkor Wat - Buddhist temple

  • Cultural Developments

    • Arrival of Islam - 700s

      • Merchants hoping to have better relations with Islamic traders converted to Islam

      • Sufis did missionary work

    • Sinhala Dynasties - center of Buddhist studies

      • Buddhist priests advised the monarchs

  • Economic Systems

    • Indian merchants sold gold, silver, metal goods, and textiles in exchange for spices

  • Technology and Innovations

    • Many empires had complex irrigation and drainage systems that resulted in economic growth and prosperity

      • Farmers could harvest multiple yields yearly

Developments in the Americas

What states developed in the Americas, and how did they change over time?

Essential Question - 1.4

💡

Many features of Aztec + Mayan civilizations/culture originated from Olmecs (Pottery, sacrifices, ball courts, etc)

The Mississippian Culture (700s - 1600s)

  • Social Organizations and Interactions

    • Rigid class structure

      • Chief > Priests, Nobles > Farmers, Merchants, Artisans > Slaves

        • Slaves were usually POWs (Prisoners of war)

    • Women farm, men hunt

    • Matrilineal society

  • Politics and Governance

    • Chief - The “great sun”

      • Ruled each town

  • Interactions with the Environment

    • Began in the Mississippi River Valley

  • Cultural Developments

    • Built enormous earthen mounds

      • Cahokia - The largest

Chaco and Mesa Verde (800s - 1200s)

  • Interactions with the Environment

    • Dry region

      • Caused the decline of both empires

    • Trees were small and scarce

  • Technology and Innovations

    • Chaco

      • Built homes out of clay and stones

    • Mesa Verde

      • Built homes into the sides of cliffs using brick (sandstone)

The Maya City-States (250-900)

  • Social Organizations and Interactions

    • Men and women could be priests

  • Politics and Governance

    • City-states

      • Ruled by a king (usually men)

        • Claimed to be “descendants from god”

      • Wars fought between city-states for tribute (usually)

    • No military; citizens fought for their city states in the case of a war

  • Cultural Developments

    • Human sacrifice during religious ceremonies

  • Economic Systems

    • People paid taxes

      • Crops

      • Labor

  • Technology and Innovations

    • Concept of “0”

    • Rubber

    • Advanced calendar

The Aztecs/Mexicas (1200s - 1500)

  • Social Organizations and Interactions

    • Emperor > Nobles > Scribes, Healers > Craftspeople, Traders > Peasants, Soldiers

    • People could become slaves if captured OR refuse to pay taxes

    • Women highly valued bc they wove cloth required for tribute

      • Husbands sometimes got more than one wife to pay tributes

      • Women also had other jobs, and some knew how to read and write

  • Politics and Governance

    • Protected conquered ppl if they paid tribute

    • City-states grouped into provinces

    • Theocracy

    • Human sacrifice also demonstrated might of Aztec Empire

    • People sick of tribute and sacrifice revolted w help from Spain and overthrew Aztec Empire

  • Interactions with the Environment

    • Tenochtitlan on island in middle of lake to protect from attacks

      • Almost 200k ppl

    • Chinampas - Floating farms

  • Cultural Developments

    • Temples made of stone

    • Slaves sacrificed in religious ceremonies

    • Worshiped hundreds of deities

  • Economic Systems

    • Tribute system

      • Conquered ppl had to pay tribute, give land, fight in military

  • Technology and Innovations

    • Aqueducts

    • Lower level of technology made agriculture inefficient

The Incas (1438 - 1533)

  • Social Organizations and Interactions

    • Mit’a system

      • Mandatory public service

    • Priests were very important

      • Diagnosed illness

      • Predicted outcomes of battles

      • Solved crimes

      • Determined sacrifices

  • Politics and Governance

    • Many small tribes were conquered and combined

      • Split into 4 provinces

    • Dead rulers were mummified and continued to rule after death, keeping their possessions

  • Interactions with the Environment

    • European disease led to the decline

  • Cultural Developments

    • Inti, sun god

    • ONLY serious events call for human sacrifice

    • Some animism

  • Economic Systems

    • No tribute system

  • Technology and Innovations

    • Quipu

      • Knotted strings for math and messages

    • Waru waru agriculture

      • Terraces

    • Massive road system

Developments in Africa

How and why did states develop in Africa and change over time?

Essential Question - 1.5

💡To what extent did the decentralized political systems of the peoples in Inland Africa resemble those of the Inca?

Inner Africa

  • Politics and Governance

    • Kin-based networks

      • Ran by families

        • Head is the Chief

      • No centralized governments

      • Domination from outside due to lack of powerful government

  • Cultural Developments

    • Missionaries introduced Islam to the region in the 14th century (1300s)

  • Economic Systems

    • Hausa Kingdom City-States

      • States specialized in things

      • Benefitted from Trans-Saharan Trade

East + West Africa

  • Politics and Governance

    • Ghana - Centralized government

      • King and nobles

    • Zimbabwe - Monarchy

    • Defensive stone walls used for protection

  • Interactions with the Environment

    • Zimbabwe on coast, allowing for easier access to Indian Ocean

    • Zimbabwe - Overgrazing damaged environment and resulted in ppl abandoning city capital (Great Zimbabwe)

  • Cultural Developments

    • Zimbabwe - Architecture of stone demonstrated wealth

    • Swahili - Eastern syncretic language used in Indian Ocean Trade

    • Ethiopia - Christian nation, Islam spread in 7th century (600s)

      • Constructed stone churches to express power

      • Separated from Christian Europe and developed independently

  • Economic Systems

    • Ghana - Ivory and Gold traded to Muslim merchants

      • Exchanged for copper, salt, cloth, and tools

    • Mali - Muslim ruler established gold trade w rest of Islamic Africa and Arabic merchants

      • Wealth grew tremendously

      • Hajj to Mecca to show lavish displays of gold

    • Zimbabwe - Built wealth on trade, gold, grazing, and agriculture

      • Indian Ocean trade

    • Ethiopia - Traded goods from India

  • Technology and Innovations

    • Iron weapons

Sub-Saharan Africa

  • Social Organizations and Interactions

    • Groups based on age, gender, and kinship (family)

      • Young ppl work more

      • Elders more knowledge advice

    • Men dominated jobs w specific skills

      • Blacksmiths, etc

    • Women had domestic and agriculture jobs

    • Slavery is allowed and generally indicates a higher social status

    • Griots - story tellers

  • Politics and Governance

    • Zanj Rebellion - Slave revolts

  • Interactions with the Environment

    • Proximity to sea allowed for Indian Ocean slave trade

  • Cultural Developments

    • Music, art, and stories are valued

      • Songs and visual arts carried religious significance in addition to a cultural one

      • Preserved history orally

  • Economic Systems

    • Demand for slaves in the Middle East resulted in Indian Ocean slave trade

Developments in Europe

How did the beliefs and practices of the predominant religions, agricultural practices, and political decentralization affect European society from 1200-1450?

Essential Question - 1.6

💡Compare the rights of European women in the Middle Ages to those of another global region during this time period (East Asia, West Asia, South Asia, Africa)

💡Compare European feudalism to that of Japan

💡Evaluate the extent to which agriculture affected social organization in Europe from 1200-1450

💡Evaluate the extent to which the diffusion of Islam impacted the development of African states in the 1200 - 1450 time period.

💡Evaluate the extent to which belief systems and practices impacted South and Southeast Asian societies in the 1200 - 1450 time period.

💡Evaluate the extent to which European and East Asian state development differed in the 1200 to 1450 time period.

  • Social Organizations and Interactions

    • Women slowly gaining rights

      • Manor accounts

      • Religious skills allowed women to demonstrate leadership

      • Could be artisans and members of guilds

        • Guild: A medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often having considerable power.

    • Serfs - Peasants

  • Politics and Governance

    • Feudalism practiced

      • Nobles granted the use of land in exchange for loyalty + military service to the king

      • Fiefs - Plots of land granted to vassals (ppl lower social hierarchy)

    • Manorial System - Manors (large plots of land) produced enough resources to be self-sufficient

    • Later Middle Ages - Monarchies began implementing bureaucracies and militaries

    • Hundred Years War - England vs France

      • Use of gunpowder

      • People identified as English vs French

  • Interactions with the Environment

    • Societies → early urbanization

    • Little Ice Age

      • Lower temperatures lowered agricultural production ∴ cities grew slower and had less to trade

      • Increase in disease

      • Higher crime rates and antisemitism

  • Cultural Developments

    • Church was the leader in education

    • Philosophers, writers, and other thinkers were religious

    • Renaissance era

      • Humanism - Focus on individuals rather than God

      • Rise of powerful monarchies

      • Centralization of governments

      • Birth of nationalism

  • Economic Systems

    • Manorial System: Self-sufficient farming states where lords and peasants shared the land. Provided economic self-sufficiency and defense. 

    • Three-Field System: Crops were rotated through three different fields

      • One was planted with wheat or rye, crops that provided food. 

      • A second field was planted with beans and legumes, making the soil more fertile by adding nitrogen to the soil

      • Third field remain fallow

  • Technology and Innovations

    • Windmills

    • New plows

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