corporate and state crime PRINTED

examples of corporate crime

money laundering, embezzlement, tax evasion

examples of state crime

war crimes, false imprisonment, genocide

nelken

corporate crime gets delabelled and down played by media in comparison with wc crime

marxism

deregulate things like levels of waste in water, want companies to make money

snider

corporate crime costs 20x more than street crime, 1 - marketisation, aim of gov to increase competitiveness which encourages malpractise if can’t keep up, 2 - deregulation, non decision making, don’t interfere, no limits to interest rates, 3 - lack of policing, assumed to be left to regulatory bodies, not seen as something that applies

tombs

costs can be financial and environmental, but also in terms of cost to consumers and employees e.g. exposure to chemicals, addictive products, but public don’t see this as crime and police aren’t interested, hard to prove

box

mystification of corporate crime = media and politicians change our perception, makes financial crimes seem confusing, ISA, don’t want to public to understand

c of corporate crime

c = not what wc focus on, corporate crime does get punished e.g. bernie madoff got 150 years for fraud, not all white collar crimes are financial, e.g. sexual abuse, not all to do with profit

schwendiger and schwendiger

state crime is often abuse of human rights e.g. detention without trial

green and ward

why state crime is most serious = 1 - scale, 262m murdered by govs in 20th century, 2 - state is the source of the law = they define what is criminal, uphold the law and prosecute offenders so can conceal and evade punishment

mclaughlin

4 categories of state crime = 1 - political crime e.g. corruption, censorship, 2 - by security and police forces e.g. genocide, torture, disappearances of dissidents, 3 - economic crimes e.g. violating health and safety laws, 4 - social and cultural crimes e.g. institutional racism

transgressive approach

look beyond legal definitions of crime, as states can find a way to make something not a crime e.e torture in guantanamo bay, the holocaust

kramer and michalowski on state crime

1 - state initiated e.g. the challenger space shuttle disaster, 1986 = caused by negligence, cost cutting decisions by Nasa led to an explosion which killed 7 astronauts, 2 - state facilitated, failing of regulation e.g. deep water horizon oil rig disaster 2010 = exploded killing 11 people, enquiry found that gov wasn’t overseeing industry properly to notice cost cutting

definition of war crimes

anything not done purely for self defence, only legal reason to attack, if not is an illegal war

kramer and michalowski on war crimes

to justify invasion of iraq in 2003, uk and us media made false claims that iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction

kramer and michalowski on crimes comitted during war

e.g. torture of prisoners in raq war

chambiss

domestic law - state crime is acts defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials as part of their jobs as representatives of the state, but using domestic law is inadequate, as laws can be changed e.g. holocaust

hillyard et al

zeminology = the study of harms, illegal or not, prevents states from changing laws to get away with things, creates a single standard

c= hard to define harm and levels of it

labelling and societal reaction = social audiences are what defines something as a crime or not, is socially constructed as definitions vary, so is about how participants define it is more important

c = audience definitions can be manipulated by ISAs

rothe and mullins

a state crime is any action by or on behalf of a state that violated international law and/or domestic law, doesn’t rely on sociologists’ definition, international law has increased to deal with state crime

c = internation law is also a social construction involving the use of power e.g. strand and tuman - japan tried to overturn international ban on whaling by giving aid to countries they can manipulate, also still ignores exploitation

green and ward

cromes of obedience = overcome norms, torturers are resocialised and exposed to propaganda about the ‘enemy’ created enclaves of ‘barbarism’, lets them think of it as a 9-5 they go home from

kellman and hamiltion

crimes of obedience are enabled through = 1 - authorisation, approved by those in authority, have a duty to obey, 2 - routinisation, turn it into a routine they can perform in a detached manner, 3 - dehumanisation, see the enemy as subhuman means normal morality doesn’t apply

bauman

modernity and the holocaust = 1 - division of labour, just have 1 task, 2 - bureaucratisation, make it routine and repetitive, 3 - instrumental rationality, efficient methods to achieve goals, 4 - science and technology - factory system

c = genocides have happened in the past, ideological factors?

cohen

spiral of state denial caused by need to conceal acts due to more pressure from human rights groups = 1 - ‘it didn’t happen’, 2 - ‘it was self defence’, 3 - ‘it was justified’

techniques of neutralisation = 1 - denial of the victim, 2 - denial of injury, 3 - denial of responsibility, 4 - condemning the condemner, 5 - appeal to higher loyalty