LECT 1 A HELICOPTER VIEW OF HISTORY (1)

History as reality refers to __________.

the actual past.

The term __________ refers to the study of the methods of historians in developing history as an academic discipline.

Historiography.

According to George Santayana, 'those who cannot learn from history are __________.'

doomed to repeat it.

The methodology in history is concerned with __________.

the rules and conventions for doing history.

Epistemology is the theory of __________ in history.

knowledge.

__________ argued that there are many 'truths' and that history is more of a 'story' we tell ourselves.

Postmodernism.

Historians emphasize the __________ of evidence in historical writing, according to Hobsbawm.

Supremacy.

E.H. Carr suggests that historians have 'raw materials' in the form of evidence which become __________ through the historian's intervention.

facts of history.

Kevin Bales highlights the importance of __________ history.

objective.

Ranke is known as the 'father' of the university discipline of history due to his emphasis on __________ evidence.

documentary.

Constructivists see knowledge as something that society __________.

makes.

The __________ approach in history aims for objectivity and relies heavily on written records as reliable sources.

Positivist.

According to Hayden White, history is akin to __________ and includes fictive elements.

literature.

Deconstructionism rejects meta-narratives and focuses on __________.

language.

The __________ perspective is one way to analyze history, considering social relations and structures.

object of analysis.

Collingwood stated that knowing yourself means knowing what __________ you can do.

you can do.

According to the lecture, 'The real value of history is in the influence it can have on __________.'

disciplining the mind.

Historians invent analytical tools to make sense of the past during the __________ phase.

methodology.

The phrase 'write your own history' is associated with __________ during apartheid.

political activism.

Historiography can be defined as the study of the __________ of writing history.

methods.

Bury regards history as an __________, which requires exact methods for truth.

art.

__________ states that there is no way of comparing the past itself with an account of that past.

Deconstructionists.

Marx's statement 'The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of __________.' highlights class struggles.

class struggles.

Postmodernists argue that history is merely a __________ that we produce.

story.

____________ emphasized that facts speak only when the historian calls on them.

E.H. Carr.

The historian’s context influences __________, according to constructivist theory.

how history is written.