[02.05] Occupational and Environmental Health V2.pdf

74 employees

How many employees were killed in the Kentex Footwear Factory fire?

Fire safety standards were not met, and workers had not attended fire drills

What were the reported issues that led to the Kentex Footwear Factory fire?

99%

What percentage of firms eventually carried out work-safety programs because of the Kentex Footwear Factory fire incident?

Manufacturing sector

Which sector contributed the majority of occupational injury cases in the Philippines from 2015-2019?

138,139 cases

What was the total number of occupational injury cases reported in the Philippines from 2015-2019?

40,893 cases

How many occupational injury cases were reported in the Philippines in 2019?

Decreasing

What was the trend for total occupational injuries per year from 2015-2019?

295,119 cases

What was the total number of occupational disease cases reported in the Philippines from 2015-2019?

57,746 cases

How many occupational disease cases were reported in the Philippines in 2019?

Decreasing

What was the trend for total occupational diseases per year from 2015-2019?

310 deaths

How many reported cases of occupational injuries resulted in deaths in 2019?

1987 Philippine Constitution

Which legal document states that "The State shall protect and promote the right to health of the people and instill health consciousness among them"?

Labor Code of the Philippines (PD 442)

Which law mandates the DOLE to set and enforce Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS)?

Rule 1000 (General Provision)

Which OSH Standards rule outlines the objective to protect every working man against dangers of injury, sickness, or death?

Republic Act 11058

Which latest law penalizes noncompliance with Occupational Safety & Health Standards?

Department Order No. 198

Which document serves as the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of RA 11058 and outlines components of the OSH Program?

Drug-free workplace (RA 9165), Mental health services in the workplace (RA 11036), Healthy lifestyle

List three mandatory health programs for the promotion of health domains outlined in DO 198.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (RA 8504), Tuberculosis (EO 187-03), Hepatitis B (DOLE DA 05-2010)

List three mandatory health programs for the prevention and control of health domains outlined in DO 198.

External costs for the company

What can bad management or application of OSH in the workplace create for a company?

Increased company productivity and reduced company costs overall

What are two positive effects of good OSH application for a company?

Direct and Indirect costs

What are the two major types of economic costs companies can incur if OSH is neglected?

Iceberg Theory

Which theory illustrates that OSH programs tend to be expensive, but an accident will be more costly, detailing the true cost of safety?

All workers possess inherent human rights to safety and well-being

What is the moral basis for Occupational Safety and Health?

Work accidents are costly

What is Fact 4 regarding work accidents?

A comprehensive Safety and Health (SH) Program

What is considered a smart investment that makes safety an integral part of work practices?

EVERYBODY, SOMEBODY, ANYBODY, and NOBODY

Who are the four workers in Doc's Short Story about neglected occupational health?

Spearhead programs and create policies

What is the primary role of Occupational Safety and Health in the workplace?

Loose wirings, fire extinguishers used as door stoppers

What are two examples of neglected occupational safety and health issues mentioned in Doc's Short Story?

Pouring water near an electrical outlet, plants with water near electrical devices, probing a toaster with a metal knife, manipulating an outlet with a screwdriver, loose wirings

Name five examples of electrical hazards highlighted in Figure 4.

Employee absent-mindedly walking into loose wirings, placement of computers

Name two examples of safety hazards highlighted in Figure 4.

Objects blocking the way

What is a safety hazard shown in Figure 5 that could hinder emergency evacuations?

Placement of computers in relation to the employee (no ergonomics)

What is an ergonomic hazard shown in Figure 5 that promotes back and neck pain?

Top of monitor at or just below eye level, head and neck balanced and in-line with torso, shoulders relaxed, elbows close to body and supported, lower back supported, wrists and hands in-line with forearms, adequate room for keyboard and mouse, feet flat on the floor

List five elements of proper computer ergonomics to prevent musculoskeletal disorders.

Occupational Health, Occupational Safety, Industrial Hygiene

What are the three major fields of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)?

Promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental, and social well-being of workers in all occupations

What is the primary aim of Occupational Health according to the Joint ILO/WHO Committee?

Prevention amongst workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions, protection of workers from risks adverse to health, placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to capabilities

List three other aims of Occupational Health.

Working environment

What is unique to occupational health as a determinant of worker health?

Mechanical, physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, psycho-social

What six types of hazards and risks can the working environment produce?

Occupational status, employment conditions, income, inequities in gender, race, age, residence

List three social factors that are determinants of worker health.

Individual risk-taking behavior, physical exercise, sedentary work, diet and nutrition, unhealthy habits (smoking, alcohol)

List three worker-related health practices that are determinants of worker health.

Preventive occupational health services, specialized curative care and rehabilitation, health and accident insurance

List three aspects of access to health services that are determinants of worker health.

Occupational Medicine

What branch of clinical medicine centers on the prevention and management of illness, injury, or disability that is related to the workplace?

Organize, administer, and maintain an occupational health service program

What is a key role of an Occupational Health (OH) Physician?

Establish proper medical supervision over substances used, processes, and work environment to prevent diseases or injury in the workplace

What is another role of an OH Physician regarding supervision?

Conserve the health of the workers through periodic physical examinations, proper advice for placement and health education

How do OH Physicians conserve worker health?

Provide medical and surgical care to restore health and earning capacity of injured workers

What care do OH Physicians provide to injured workers?

Maintain and analyze records of all medical cases for annual submission of employer report to DOLE-BWC

What is the OH Physician's responsibility regarding medical records?

Act as adviser to management and labor on all health matters

What role does the OH Physician play between management and labor?

Medical knowledge, training for occupational safety and health, awareness of labor laws, compliance to standards

What four qualifications should an OH practitioner possess?

Industry, company culture, flow of operations, products, physical and mental demands of the kind of work

What five aspects should an OH practitioner be familiar with?

Medical surveillance, biological monitoring, workplace or environmental monitoring

What three areas of technical knowledge should an OH practitioner have?

Workforce

What is the target population for an Occupational Health (OH) physician, according to the classification of MDs?

Shared responsibility

What type of responsibility does an OH physician have, distinguishing them from a specialist or family medicine physician?

Crafting policies and producing recommendations

What specific activities are part of an OH physician's shared responsibility?

Preventive in nature

What is the ultimate goal of an OH physician, similar to a public health physician?

Return of investment (ROI)

What is the ultimate goal of an Executive physician?

Occupational diseases

What type of diseases are characterized by factors in the work environment being essential and predominant in their causation, usually affecting the working population exclusively?

Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis, asbestosis, bagassosis

Name three examples of occupational diseases.

Bagassosis

What is an airborne disease where fibers from sugar cane processing are inhaled?

Work-related diseases

What type of diseases occur among working populations where the environment and performance contribute significantly, but the disease is not exclusive to the workplace?

Occupational asthma

What is an example of a work-related disease that can be triggered by workplace exposures but is also seen outside the workplace?

General diseases

What type of diseases are found in the general population, with an unclear relationship to factors in the work environment?

Occupational Safety

Which major field of OSH deals with injuries and accidents?

Accident

What is an unexpected, unforeseen, unplanned, and unwanted occurrence or event that could cause damage, injury, or loss?

Meat grinder accident

What is an example of an accident provided that highlights the absence of protocols when dealing with machinery?

Struck against rigid structures, struck by falling or flying objects, caught in, on, or between objects, fall on same level, fall on different levels, electrocution, fire, exposure to noise/toxic chemicals/radiation/temperature extremes/extreme pressures

List five types of accidents.

Often more than the direct cost

How do indirect costs of accidents compare to direct costs?

Medical expenses, equipment damage, wasted raw materials, insurance premiums

List four examples of direct costs of accidents.

Lost productivity due to interruption on day of injury, lost reliability due to follow-up care, lost efficiency after returning to work

List three examples of lost productivity from an injured worker as an indirect cost.

Lost productivity due to work stoppage out of curiosity, lost productivity when assisting the injured worker, lost productivity due to inspection, lost efficiency out of sympathy, loss due to completion of added work

List five specific indirect costs related to other employees after an accident.

Lost productivity when assisting the injured, lost productivity due to accident investigation, lost productivity in preparing reports, lost productivity during inspection

List four examples of lost productivity from supervisors as an indirect cost.

Unsafe Act and Unsafe Condition

What are the two primary causes of accidents?

98%

What percentage of accidents are preventable?

88%

What percentage of preventable accidents are due to unsafe acts?

10%

What percentage of preventable accidents are due to unsafe conditions?

2%

What percentage of accidents are non-preventable, attributed to Acts of God?

Unsafe Act

What is a human action that departs from a standard or written job procedure, common practice, safety rules, regulations, or instructions?

Improper Attitude, Physical Limitations, Lack of Knowledge or Skills

What are the three main factors contributing to unsafe acts?

Operating Equipment without Authority, Disregard of Standard Operating Procedures (SOP), Removing Safety Devices, Using defective equipment, Using PPEs improperly, Horseplay, Willful intent to injure, Working while under the influence of alcohol or drugs

List five examples of unsafe acts due to improper attitude.

Defective eyesight, Muscular weakness due to fatigue, Impaired hearing, Short in height, Too tall in height, Slow reactions

List three examples of physical limitations contributing to unsafe acts.

Failure to understand instruction, Unaware of safe practices, Unconvinced of safe practices, Unskilled or unpracticed worker

List three examples of lack of knowledge or skills contributing to unsafe acts.

Needle stick injury

What is an example of an accident healthcare workers can be exposed to due to unsafe acts?

Unsafe Condition

What is the physical or chemical property of a material, machine, or environment which could result in injury to a person, damage or destruction to property or other forms of losses?

Fire extinguisher in a locked box, directly working under an unsafe condition (e.g., scaffolding), heavy load supported only by a stack of blocks

List three examples of unsafe conditions shown in Figure 13.

Unsafe acts

What primarily brings about unsafe conditions?

Industrial Hygiene

Which field focuses on the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of environmental factors attributed to the workplace?

Anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control

What are the four important parts of Industrial Hygiene?

Environmental monitoring and analytical methods

What methods do industrial hygienists use to detect the extent of worker exposure?

Hazard

What is any source of potential damage, harm, or adverse health effects on something or someone under certain conditions at work?

Risk

What is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse health effect if exposed to a hazard?

Risk of developing cancer from smoking, risk of suffering from hearing loss in noisy workplaces, risk of cataracts from exposure to infra-red or ultraviolet radiation

Give three examples illustrating the concept of risk.

Biological Hazards (6%), Ergonomic Hazards (35%), Chemical Hazards (34%), Physical Hazards (25%)

What are the four major groups of occupational hazards and their approximate percentages?

Proper handling

What allows even highly toxic chemicals to be used safely?

Inhalation, Ingestion, Skin Contact

What are the three main routes of entry for chemicals into the body?

Local Toxicity

What type of toxic effect occurs at the site of chemical contact?

Contact with acid creating a chemical burn, ozone exposure causing lung irritation, aldehyde splash in the eyes

Give three examples of local toxicity.

Systemic Toxicity

What type of toxic effect occurs at a distant site from the point of contact and may involve many organ systems?

Cadmium exposure causing renal stones, ingestion of mercury leading to nephrotic syndrome, inhalation of toluene causing neurotoxicity

Give three examples of systemic toxicity.

Acute Toxicity

What type of toxicity occurs almost immediately (hours/days) after an exposure?

Skin absorption of phenol causing acute chemical burn, inhalation of formaldehyde causing irritation to mucous membranes

Give two examples of acute toxicity.