Practice of Church officials taking multiple Church positions
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absenteeism
Those with multiple positions in the Church often ignored or failed to complete their duties
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sale of indulgences
Documents were sold by the Church to lessen time in Purgatory
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Martin Luther
Founder of the Protestant movement
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Johann Tetzel
Lead salesman of Catholic indulgences; "When the coin in the coffer rings, a soul from Purgatory springs."
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95 Theses
Questions that Luther had of the Church's practices
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Johann Eck
Catholic debater and Luther's opponent at the Diet of Worms
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"priesthood of all believers"
Luther's belief that everybody should read and interpret the Bible
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Diet of Worms
Meeting in which Luther was asked to publicly recant his beliefs; Luther expected to become a martyr but escaped
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Charles V
Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, King of Spain, devout Catholic, and nephew of Catherine of Aragon
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German Peasants' War
Peasants in the Holy Roman Empire revolted against German nobles and kings who had raised taxes in Charles V's absence; inspired by a misinterpretation of Luther's "priesthood of all believers"; Luther sided with the nobility
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Schmalkaldic League
Trade network of German Lutherans that upheld their Protestant beliefs at the Diet of Augsburg, resulting in two wars
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Peace of Augsburg, 1555
Legalization of Protestantism following the Schmalkaldic Wars
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Anabaptists
Most radical group of Protestants; believed in adult baptism, the complete separation of church and state, and a return to early Chrisitianity; hated by both Protestants and Catholics
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John of Leyden
King of New Jerusalem; leader of Anabaptists
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Ulrich Zwingli, Zürich
Swiss Christian humanist who believed that the state should supervise the Church and banned music and relics from services
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Marburg Colloquy
Meeting of Zwingli and Luther where they disagreed on the Lord's Supper; foreshadowed the division of Protestant groups
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John Calvin
Founder of a more radical sect of Christianity that emphasized predestination
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predestination
People are selected for salvation before they are born
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Michael Servetus
Antitrinitarian
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John Knox
Founded Presbyterianism
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Presbyterianism
Calvinist movement focused on representative Church leadership founded in Scotland by John Knox
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Huguenots
French Calvinists
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Puritans
English Protestants who wanted to remove Catholicism completely from the Anglican Church
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English Reformation
Henry VIII's personally, economically and politically motivated foundation of the Anglican Church; notably not Protestant
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William Tyndale
Wrote the first English translation of the Bible
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Henry VIII
King of England; founder of the Anglican Church
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"In Defense of the Seven Sacraments"
Written by Henry VIII in response to Martin Luther's declaration that only two sacraments were necessary; resulted in the pope naming Henry VIII "The Defender of the Faith"
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Catherine of Aragon
Henry VIII's first wife and Arthur's widow; birthed Mary Tudor
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Thomas Wolsey
Sent to the pope to annul Henry VIII's marriage; failed
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Act of Supremacy
Created the Anglican Church with Henry VIII as its head
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Pilgrimage of Grace
English Catholics' revolt against the nationalization, abuse and sale of monasteries
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Statute of the Six Articles
Reaffirmed parts of Catholicism as parts of the Anglican Church
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Edward VI
Only son of Henry VIII; his Protestant tutors greatly influenced his decisions
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Mary Tudor "Bloody Mary"
Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon; repealed Edward VI's Protestant acts and killed prominent Protestants
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Elizabeth I
"Virgin Queen" and politique; worked to resolve the tension between English Protestants and Catholics by mandating a public devotion towards the Anglican Church
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Politique
Monarch who prioritizes state relationships over religious ones
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Elizabethan Settlement
Unified England under the Anglican Church
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Thirty-Nine Articles
Creed of the Anglican Church; broad enough to be interpreted subjectively, resolving the tension between English Protestants and Catholics
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Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots
Attempted to assassinate Elizabeth I
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Teresa de Avila
Nun who saw an angel; face of Catholic Counter Reformation and symbol of a personal relationship with God in Catholicism
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Catholic and Counter Reformation
Attempt to reverse the Protestant Reformation and revive the best aspects of Catholicism
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Council of Trent
Meeting that reformed the Catholic Church and reaffirmed traditional Catholic practices as well as the authority of the papacy
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Index of Prohibited Books
Banned Protestant books and those by Erasmus
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Jesuits (Society of Jesus)
Militaristic organization of monks under the pope that promoted Catholicism