AP 2: Cardiovascular Systems

4-5 Liters

Average blood volume in an adult female

5-6 liters

Average blood volume in adult male

Oxygenated Blood

Blood that is bright red in color

De-oxygenated Blood

Blood that is a dull brick red color

neutrophil

most numerous leukocyte in the blood stream, important for immune response, primarily responsible for attacking bacteria and fungi.

Granulocytes

type of white blood cell that has small granules, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

what are the 3 types of granulocytes in the blood?

eosinophil, basophil, monocytes

Name the 3 phagocytic leukocytes

lymphocytes & monocytes

Name the 2 agranulocytes

Megakarocyte

precursor cell of platelets

Platelets

cell fragments

eosinophil

What cells are involved in destroying parasitic worms

Basophils

What cells release histamines and promote inflammation

Lymphocytes

What cells produce antibodies?

Red Blood Cells

What cells transport oxygen

Plasma

primarily water, noncellular; the fluid matrix of blood

Monocyte

What cell exits a blood vessel to develop into a macrophage?

Formed Elements

The cells & cell fragments that make up blood; these include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

120 Days

What is the average life span of a red blood cell?

Anucleate

No nucleus, cell is unable to repair itself, therefore it must recycle or die after a certain time period

anemia

condition of too few RBC’s or of RBC”s with hemoglobin deficiencies

leukocytosis

abnormal increase in the number of WBC’s

Leukopenia

abnormal decrease in the number of WBC’s

polycythemia

abnormal increase in the number of RBC’s

Lymphocyte

Monocyte

Basophil

Eosinophil

1. Transports gases, nutrients, and wastes

2. Regulation of PH & Ion Balances

3. Restriction of fluid loss (clotting)

4. Defense against toxins and pathogens

5. Maintaining body temperature

Name the 5 functions of blood

1. Kidneys: excreted through urine

2. Hemolysis: cell death

3. Liver: broken down & sent out through feces, iron recycled

What are the 3 places red blood cells go after their life cycle?

1. Decreased hematocrit

2. Blood clots (thrombus)

3. Pooling of blood in legs (varicose veins)

What are 3 age related changes of blood?

1. Less elastic arteries

2. Calcium deposits on vessel walls (blockages causing infarction or stroke)

3. Thrombi can form (plaques)

What are 3 age-related changes of blood vessels?

Right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, left atrium

What is the order of the pulmonary circuit?

Left ventricle, aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cava, right atrium

What is the order for the systemic circuit?

Venoconstriction

contraction of smooth muscle in vein

Arteries have the heart as their pump

Why are there valves in veins and not arteries?

Capillary bed

network of capillaries, supplied by more than 1 artery

valves

folds of tunica intima, ensures one way flow to the heart

Malfunctioning of valves

What causes pooling of blood in different locations?

varicose veins & hemmorids

Give 2 examples of valve malfunctioning:

Continuous capillary

type of capillary that prevents loss of blood cells & plasma proteins, in all tissues by epithelium & cartilage

Fenestrated capillary

type of capillary that contains windows or pores to penetrate endothelial lining

kidney filtration, absorption of interstitial tract, capillaries of hypothalamus & pituitary gland

Name locations where fenestrated capillaries can be found:

Sinusoids

type of fenestrated capillary, flattened & irregularly shaped, gaps between endothelial cells that permit water & other solutes; occurs in the liver, spleen, endocrine organs

Arterioles

smaller vessels that have poorly defined tunica externa and a small tunica media, smallest branches of arteries

venules

collect blood from the capillaries

Capillaries

these vessel walls allow change between blood & interstitial fluids, smallest blood vessel

8 micrometers

what is the average diameter of a capillary?

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

What are the 3 structures of vessel walls?

tunica intima

structure of vessel wall with endothelium & internal elastic to increase size if needed

Tunica media

structure of vessel wall with a muscle layer and elastic

Tunica externa

structure of a vessel wall that is thick & strong, anchors vessels & collagen fibers

side by side

How do arteries & veins run?

Arteries have thicker walls for a higher blood pressure

Do veins or arteries have thicker walls?

artery lumen

lumen that is small & round

vein lumen

lumen that is large & flat

sickle cell anemia

red blood cells are oddly shaped, mainly affects the african american population

myleoid leukemia

disease stemming from having abnormal white blood cells

pulmonary circuit

carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs

systemic circuit

main path, carries oxygenated blood to lower & upper body

surface antigens

cell surface proteins, identify cells to the immune system

1. hemostasis: vascular spasm, constriction to slow blood loss

2. platelet phase: stick to edges to create a plug, stops blood loss

3. Coagulation: forms a mesh, traps RBCs & platelets, forms a clot

what are the 3 steps to site of injury?

1. release clotting chemicals

2. temporarily patch walls

3. reduce size of a break in a vessel wall

Name the 3 functions of platelets

Bicuspid & Tricuspid

Which valves are the AV Valves?

Aortic & pulmonary valves

What valves are the semilunar valves?

AV Valves

Open, blood pressure from contracting atria pushes cusps apart

Semilunar valves

closed, little pressure from ventricles, blood pressure from pulmonary & systemic circuit, keep both valves closed

Come from the sound of closing SV and semilunar valves closing with blooding hitting against them

Where do the sounds of the heart beats come from?

heart rate x stroke volume

What is the equation for cardiac output?

EKG

senses depolarization of the cardiac cells as they receive the signal to contract

SA Node

pacemaker, can be increased/decreased but no brain control, sends signal to AV valves across atrias

body temp/hormones, exercise, nervous system

what 3 factors affect the heart rate?

AV valves

the tricuspid and mitral valves are which type of valve

Semilunar valves

which types of valves are the pulmonary & aortic

systole

contraction

diastole

relaxation

Great cardiac vein

drains blood from the area of the anterior intraventricular artery into coronary sinus

anterior cardiac vein

empties into Right atrium

Posterior cardiac, middle & small cardiac veins

empty into great cardiac vein

1. Atria systole, ventricle diastole

2. Av valves open (blood into ventricles), atria diastole

3. Av valves close “lubb”, ventricle early systole

4. ventricles fully systole, semilunar valves open (blood goes out)

5. Semilunar valves close “dubb”, ventricles diastole, atria diastole

Explain the cardiac cycle

to produce cardiac output

What is the main function of blood?

It slows the heart rate

How does the parasympathetic system affect the heart rate?

It quickens the heart rate

How does the sympathetic system affect the heart rate?

Cardiac cycle

period between the start of 1 heartbeat and the beginning of the next

coronary sulcus

border between atria & ventricles

1. Left ventricle

2. Aorta

3. Coronary arteries (L & R)

4. Right Side:

   1. right atrium, posterior ventricles, nodes

   2. marginal arteries, Posterior interventricular artery

5. Left side:

   1. Left atrium, anterior ventricles

   2. Circumflex artery, anterior interventricular artery

6. Arterioles

7. Capillaries (02 & CO2)

8. Venules

9. Small cardiac vein

10. Medium cardiac vein

    1. Anterior cardiac vein, right atrium

    2. Great cardiac vein, coronary sinus, right atrium

Explain the steps of the coronary circuit: