PoliSci5 S. Hyde UC Berkeley Midterm 2

civil war

A war in which the main participants are within the same state

terrorism

The use or threatened use of violence against noncombatant targets by individuals or nonstate groups for political ends. Compare civil war.

asymmetrical warfare

Armed conflict between actors with highly unequal military capabilities

separatist

An actor that seeks to create an independent state on territory carved from an existing state. Compare irredentist.

irredentist

An actor that seeks to detach a region from one country and attach it to another

proxy wars

Conflicts in which two opposing states “fight” by supporting opposite sides in a war

insurgency

A military strategy in which small, often lightly armed units engage in hit-and-run attacks against military, government, and civilian targets.

extremists

Actors whose interests are not widely shared by others; individuals or groups that are politically weak relative to the demands they make.

coercion

A strategy of imposing or threatening to impose costs on other actors in order to induce a change in their behavior.

provocation

A strategy of terrorist attacks intended to provoke the target government into making a disproportionate response that alienates moderates in the terrorists’ home society or in other sympathetic audiences.

spoiling

A strategy of terrorist attacks intended to sabotage a prospective peace between the target and moderate leadership from the terrorists’ home society.

outbidding

A strategy of terrorist attacks designed to demonstrate superior capability and commitment relative to other groups devoted to the same cause.

comparative advantage

The ability of a country or firm to produce a particular good or service more efficiently than it can produce other goods or services

absolute advantage

The ability of a country or firm to produce more of a particular good or service than other countries or firms can produce with the same amount of effort and resources. Compare comparative advantage.

neo-mercantilism

A belief that national economic policy should encourage exports and discourage imports

Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory

The theory that a country will export goods that make intensive use of the factors of production in which it is well endowed. For example

protectionism

The imposition of barriers to restrict imports.

trade barriers

Government limitations on the international exchange of goods. Examples include tariffs

tariff

A tax imposed on imports. Tariffs raise the domestic price of the imported good and may be applied for the purpose of protecting domestic producers from foreign competition.

quantitative restriction (quota)

A limit placed on the amount of a particular good that is allowed to be imported and sold domestically.

nontariff barriers to trade

Obstacles to imports other than tariffs (trade taxes). Examples include restrictions on the number of products that can be imported (quantitative restrictions

regulations that favor domestic over imported products

and other measures that discriminate against foreign goods or services. “Buy American” laws that govern what state and local governments can buy

for example

Stolper-Samuelson theorem

The theorem that trade protection benefits the scarce factor of production. This view flows from the Heckscher-Ohlin theory: if a country imports goods that make intensive use of its scarce factor

Ricardo-Viner (specific-factors) model

A model of trade relations that emphasizes the sector in which factors of production are employed rather than the nature of the factor itself. This differentiates it from the Heckscher-Ohlin theory

reciprocity

In international trade relations

World Trade Organization (WTO)

An institution created in 1995 to succeed the GATT and to govern international trade relations. The WTO encourages and polices the multilateral reduction of barriers to trade

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

An international institution created in 1947 in which member countries committed to reducing barriers to trade and providing similar trading conditions to all other members. In 1995

regional trade agreements (RTAs)

Agreements among three or more countries in a region to reduce barriers to trade among themselves.

most-favored-nation (MFN) status

A status established by most modern trade agreements guaranteeing that the signatories will extend to each other any favorable trading terms offered in agreements with third parties.