Tests & Measurements Exam 3

locomotor

Skills that involve moving from point A to point B

Object control

Skills that involve the manipulation or projection of an object, typically a ball

stability

SKills that involve balance; modification of center of mass to maintain an upright position

Gross Motor

Skills which require the use of larger muscle groups for activities such as jumping or throwing

Fine motor

Skills which require the use of small muscle groups for activities such as typing or writing

Reflexive, Preadapted, Fundamental Motor Patterns, Context, Skillful

What are the 5 stages of motor development from bottom to top?

Mountain of Motor Development Skills

a metaphor that is used to describe the stages of motor development skills throughout a lifetime.

reflexive

The stage of motor development with the most basic form of motor development, humans are naturally born with

Preadapted

The stage of motor development which consists of goal oriented movements for the first time (Ex. Baby reaching for an object or grabs vs grabbing first thing)

walking and eating

What two preadapted skills are essential for life?

Fundamental Motor Skills (FMS)

The stage of motor development which consists of motor skills that are the building blocks for future movements. (Ex. An overhand throw - the actual throw consists of the FORM of motor development)

Context Specific

The stage of motor development that involves the way a Fundamental Motor Skill (FMS) is done specifically.

Skillful

The stage of motor development that only the most skilled individuals fall and takes the most time to develop. (Ex. Elite Athletes. Most of the population will not reach this stage.)

Compensation

____________________ is when there is a decline in performance followed by a rebound over time. (Usually due to an injury, healing, or age)

developmental time

_________________ ____________ is the amount of time it takes for one to go from a reflexive motor development (FMD) to a skillful motor development (SMD)

Motor competence, perceived motor competence, physical activity, risk of obesity, health related fitness

Name the 5 core constructs of the Stodden et. al., Model.

interrelated

All of the 5 core constructs from the Stodden et. al., Model are ___________________.

motor competence and physical activity

What 2 characteristics make up the heart of the Stodden et. al., Model?

True

T/F: Physical activity predicts motor skills when at a young age. (Stodden et. al., Model)

motor skills; physical activity

According to the Stodden et. al., Model, __________ ___________ predict ______ __________ AS WE AGE

Not enough information is provided

A group of students fill out a questionnaire on motivation. The mean score is a "-3". Which of the following can we reasonably assume?

Sensititivity

________________ is the capability of a test to detect meaningful differences between performer and performance. (Ex. One individual performing multiple reps of the same test and observing the differences between those trials)

discrimination

____________________ is the capability of a test to adequately differentiate skill levels. (Differences between multiple individuals)

Ceiling Effect

What effect happens when there are too many participants scoring at the MAXIMUM?

floor effect

What effect happens when there are too many participants scoring at the LOWEST level?

Fasle

T/F: You can have a floor and ceiling effect at once for the same data set.

sensitivity and discrimination

When we have a ceiling or floor effect we will have low levels of __________________ and __________________

Psychology and Biology

What two fields make up motor development?

Precursor, Maturational, Normative/Descriptive, Process Oriented, and Public Health/Cognitive

List the historical eras in chronological order.

Process Oriented

What historical era returned focus on processes underlying development, information processing (integrated research, computer), product approach which led to idea of "proficiency barrier" and dynamical systems era?

Dynamical Systems Era

Main theory model used in process oriented period. It was the idea that movement is the result of individual differences, environmental differences (where its performed), and constraints or barriers placed on individual when completing the task. (INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES)

Precursor

This historical era was a foundational period for the motor development field. Used descriptive observation which had few participants, but very detailed information. (AKA: Baby Biographies)

nature vs nurture

During the precursor period the baby biographies led to what major argument?

developmental psychology

The precursor period was also a time of theoretical foundation for __________ ______________.

Maturational period

What historical era had a rapid growth of field due to movement away from individual participants to larger groups (less information) which helped to identify order and rate of appearance of milestones?

Bayley Infant Scale

During the maturational period work with infants and young children started to expand which led to the creation of motor assessments and the _______ ________ ________.

Normative/Descriptive

What historical era had more emphasis on physical education, school children, and motor skills after World War II? (focused more on outcomes than detailed accounts)

motor aspect

During the Normative/Descriptive Period there was more emphasis on _______ ________, than cognitive changes.

product

During the Normative/Descriptive Period research tended to shift from process of development to _____________ of development. (Helped with integration with fields)

Motor performance and standardized tests

During the second half of the Normative/Descriptive Period what two things became very popular?

Proficiency barrier

Some minimal amount of skill that is needed to be active and to be more successful in that activity. (freedom of choice for activities)

FMS

SEEFELDT'S "proficiency barrier" comes after what stage of motor development?

tRue

T/F: Having a wider base of skill makes it easier to break through the proficiency barrier

trUe

T/F: If you do not have a wide base of skills than you have a limited skill set to use and rely on. This means that you can still be active, but its harder to succeed.

Public Health and Cognition

What historical era has dual focus on neuroscience and public health? (Stodden Model)

typical vs atypical

During the Public Health and Cognition Period there was a focus on ______________ __ _____________ children for the brain.

physical activity and health

During the Public Health and Cognition Period there was a focus on movements in promoting _______ _______ and ________ for public health.

academic achievement

During the Public Health and Cognition Period there was intersection between dual foci with movement and __________ ______________ or cognition.

Public Health/Cognition

What historical era are we presently in?

SKill

SKill or Ability?

Requires an end goal

Ability

Skill or Ability?

Affected more by biology.

ABility

SKiLL or ABility?

Requires perceptual-motor integration

ability

skill or ability?

for example: Hand-eye coordination

SKILL

________ is a learned trait, sport specific, requires an end goal. (Ability + Knowledge)

ABILITY

_________ is innate, more general, affected by biological, physiological, and environmental factors, gross or perceptual motor

FALSE (Abilities affect skills)

T/F: Skills affect ability.

r = 0.70

During an objective motor skills test what score do you want to strive for?

relevance and feasibility

During an objective motor skills test there is a balance between practical _____________ and _______________.

valid

In an ideal world, objective motor skills testing always needs to be ______________.

low

During an objective motor skills test, if feasibility is high then validity and reliability are _________

increasing

During an objective motor skills test, if feasibility is decreasing then validity and reliability are ___________

pretest, testing duties, posttest

Considerations for written tests are the same as psychomotor test in regards to consistency being key. What are the three types test for consistency?

total body movements

______________ __________ ____________ - assess the speed at which a performer completes a task that involves movement of the whole body in a restricted area. (As fast as you can but confined to boundaries) (Objective)

accuracy based

________ __________ - an objective motor skills test that assess one's ability to serve or project an object (e.g., ball) into a prescribed area for distance and accuracy

90

During accuracy based objective motor skill testing, the individual needs to have capacity to encompass ___% of attempts.

repetitive performance

______________ ____________ - an objective motor skills test that involves continuous performance of an activity for a specified period of time. (ex. throw and catch test)

Distance/Power Performance

________________ _______________- an objective motor skills test which assess a participants ability to project an object for max displacement or force

total body movements, accuracy based, repetitive performance, and distance/power performance

Name the 4 types of objective motor tests.

discrimination and sensitivity

During accuracy based objective motor skill testing, if the 90% threshold is not reached then something in the test needs to change. If the threshold is not met then the test has low levels of _____________ and ________________.

Standard Error Effect

You and two others are rating the motor skills of a group of students. Later in the lab you realize there are differences in the raters scores. Rater A is consistently 1.5 points higher than Raters B and C. This is an example of:

standard error

_____________ ____________ - a common error in rating scales which involves an increase or decrease in scores that is relatively the same across all participants.

Halo effect

_________ ________ - is a common error in rating scales which involves inflammation or higher results than other participants each trial.

central tendency

__________ _________ - is a common error in rating scales which is when the rater cannot make up their mind on how to score participants and ends up placing all of them in the middle near one another, no extremes used.

loW

The common errors in rating scales such as the halo effect, standard error, and central-tendency error all lead to _________ levels of sensitivity and discrimination

TruE

T/F: Anxiety can be both a state and a trait.

Traits

_____________: the fundamentals to our personality and their importance is derived from personal research.

stable; within

Traits are relatively __________ and are _____________ an individual

learned

Traits may be ____________ or genetically inhereted.

State

______________ measures function of situation or environment in which a person is placed, situational, transitory, potentially rapidly changing.

mental health and performance

Sport Psychology aims to improve _______ _______ and ___________

Coaches should be told the purpose of the test their players are taking.

Which of the following is not a caution with psychological testing

Timely

A sophomore at LSU wants to get an 'A' in KIN 3502 Tests and Measurement. Which component(s) if any are missing from this statement

specific

What does the "S" stand for in SMART goals?

measureable

What does the "M" stand for in SMART goals?

attainable

What does the "A" stand for in SMART goals?

relevant

What does the "R" stand for in SMART goals?

timely

What does the "T" stand for in SMART goals?

maintenance phase to action phase

Student x is a regular exerciser(3 times per week) at the lsu urec during the semester, but after moving home in the summer is more restricted and only exercises once per week. This scenario best describes movement between which phases of the transtheoretical model?

Confidence

____________ is noted as the most important psychological factor in sport.

imagery

In sports psychology, psychological factors that affect performance are attentional focus, confidence, pre-competition anxiety, self-motivation, and ___________

mood

In sports psychology, factors used to assess mental health include anxiety, depression, self-esteem, __________, and self-concept

global

In sports psychology, general measures have to reference to PA/sport and are more ________________-

Transtheoretical

__________________ model describes (5) stages of change for exercise and physical activity.

acquisition; behavior

The transtheoretical model was developed as the framework to describe the phases involved in _____________ and maintenance of a _______________.

precontemplation

The first stage in the Transtheoretical Model is ____________________ and this is when there is no recognition of need for change or interest in change

contemplation

The second stage in the transtheoretical model is _______________ which involves thinking about changing, having intention.

preparation

The third stage in the transtheoretical model is __________________ which is when one is planning or preparing for change/action.

action

The fourth stage in the transtheoretical model is _______________ which involves actual behavior change by adopting new habits

maintenance

The fifth stage in the transtheoretical model is ________________ which deals with sustained behavior change. It is an ongoing practice of new, healthier behavior

no

Can you skip phases/stages in the transtheoretical model?