Chapter 3: Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical Equations

These flashcards cover key concepts from Chapter 3 related to molecules, compounds, chemical bonding, and nomenclature.

What are chemical bonds?

Attractions between charged particles (electrons and protons) that hold atoms together.

What are the two main types of chemical bonds?

Ionic and covalent bonds.

What occurs in ionic bonds?

The transfer of electrons from a metal atom to a nonmetal atom.

What do metal atoms become when they lose electrons?

Cations.

What do nonmetal atoms become when they gain electrons?

Anions.

What is an ionic compound's structure in solid phase?

A lattice of alternating cations and anions.

What are covalent bonds?

Bonds formed between two or more nonmetals where electrons are shared between atoms.

What are molecular compounds?

Compounds composed of two or more covalently bonded nonmetals.

What is the empirical formula for benzene?

CH.

What are the basic units of ionic compounds?

Formula units, which are the smallest electrically neutral collections of ions.

What are polyatomic ions?

Charged species composed of groups of covalently bonded atoms.

How are the charges in ionic compounds represented?

The sum of the charges of cations must equal the sum of the charges of anions.

What does naming Type I ionic compounds involve?

Identifying metals which have a constant charge.

What is the naming convention for Binary Ionic Compounds?

The name of the cation followed by the base name of the anion with the ending -ide.

What distinguishes Type II ionic compounds?

They contain a metal that can form multiple types of cations.

How are type II ionic compounds named?

Using the cation's charge indicated in Roman numerals.

What do acids release when dissolved in water?

Hydrogen ions (H+).

What is the rule for naming binary acids?

Use a hydro- prefix, followed by the nonmetal base name, the ending -ic, and the word 'acid'.

What is a key feature of hydrocarbons?

They are organic compounds composed only of carbon and hydrogen.

How are hydrocarbons categorized according to bond types?

Alkanes (single bonds), alkenes (double bonds), and alkynes (triple bonds).

What is the general formula for an alcohol?

R-OH, where R is a hydrocarbon group.

What is a functional group?

A specific atom or group of atoms that imparts a chemical character to an organic compound.

What are oxyanions?

Anions containing oxygen and another element.