Exam 2 for BIO311C Dr. Sata

How do you find the evidence of the origin of life?

by collecting the fossils

How do you know the age of the fossils?

using the radioisotopes that decays. compare to the current isotopic distribution

what approach is used to study the origin of life?

Detective work(approach)

Major time lines of life on Earth: when is Earth formation?

4.5 Billion Years Ago

Major time lines of life on Earth: when is Bacterial fossils formation?

4.0 Billion Years Ago

Major time lines of life on Earth: when is Cyanobacteria fossils formation?

2.5 Billion Years Ago

Major time lines of life on Earth: when is Early Eukaryotes formation?

1.5 Billion Years Ago

Major time lines of life on Earth: when is Multicellular Eukaryotes formation?

1.0 Billion Years Ago

is Bacterial organisms part of Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes

Is Cyanobacteria part of Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes

Why is RNA considered first genetic molecule

Because it could catalyze self-replication(DNA) and synthesize the proteins(enzymes).

what is Enzyme

Enzymes are proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies. They build some substances and break others down.

How is DNA's functionality comparing to RNA's?

More stable molecule than RNA

How is protein's functionality comparing to RNA's?

more efficient enzymes

What is RNA with Catalytic activity

ribozyme

What is ribozyme

RNA with Catalytic activity

what does ribozyme makes it possible?

abiotic synthesis

what can RNA do that DNA cannot?

form variable secondary structures similar to proteins

what structure of RNA helps the catalytic activity of RNA?

-OH groups and Phosphate groups

3-domain system

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

What is most common group in unicellular bacteria?

Prokaryotes(prior to the nucleus)

What is the definition of Eukarya

with a true nucleus

what is Archaea

prokaryotic and contain features of eukaryotic cells. They can survive extreme conditions

Eukaryotic Kingdoms

Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

what is protista

unicellular eukaryotes

heterotrophic and photoautotrophic

what is heterotrophic

An organism that is unable to synthesize its own so it feeds on organic material produced by other organisms

what is photoautotrophic

a photosynthetic organism (such as a green plant or a cyanobacterium) that utilizes energy from light to synthesize organic molecules

what is Fungi

Multicellular and some unicellular

heterotrophic

what is plantae

Monocot and dicot plants

photoautotrophic

1. Atom> x > y > z > a,b,c,d

2. Atom > x > z > alpha > Beta > gamma

1. Atom > Molecules > Monomers > Macromolecules > Polysaccharides, polypeptides, DNA, RNA

2. Atom > Molecules > Macromolecules > Parts of a cell > Cell

what did Miller and Urey experiment prove

Early conditions on earth were capable of producing molecular elements of life with simple molecules.

They simulated early earth conditions with energy and basic molecules -> found monomers(simple sugars, amino acids)

what are the evidences of evolution

Fossils

DNA sequence comparison

protein sequence comparison

structural, physiological, or biochemical similarities

characteristic of cell's membrane when talking about evolution of life(cell)

It's amphipathic

what does cell do?

replicate the genetic information, use energy to make and break things

first 34 is lecture 9.