Unit 4 Psych Notes

measurements of abnormality

deviancy, distressful, dyfunctions

Deviancy

statistically deviant from the avg

Distressful

how much personal discomfort

dysfunction

how much does it impair functions

categorical diagnosis

yes or no

dimensional diagnosis

rate 0 to 100

medical model

views psychopathology along with other medical disease

diathesis-stress model

comorbility

more than one disorder in same individual

life prevalence

percentage of people who met criteria for disorder anytime in life. for statistical deviancy

requirements for diagnosing depression

5/9 and one of the 5 have to be the first two

generalized anxiety disorder

free float anxiety, disproportional fear

phobias

intense and irrational fear of some object or situation

social phobia

fear of public humiliation

panic disorder

panic attacks in the context of intense fear

OCD

intrusive thoughts that increase anxiety, anxiety decreases by ritualistic behaviours

PTSD

fear experience acts as stim, numbing/withdrawal as fear response

genetic predisposition

disease is in the genes, usually backed by twin studies where mz twins match and dz twins have lesser liklihood

anxiety sensitivity

sensitivity to internal physiological symptoms, causes a feedback loop

anxiety feedback loop

physiological symptoms caused by fear causes catastrophic thinking

Neurotransmitters

valium working at GABA sites, serotonin plays role in panic disorder

learning/conditioning of anxiety disorders

neutral stim + scary even = anxiety response

impact of avoidance

negative reinforcement

role of observational learning

can condition a response to mimic

types of cognitions

• misinterpretations of harmless situations

• focus excessive attention on threats

• selective recalling into that seems threatening

unipolar depression

only depressed symptoms

bipolar disorder

depressed symptoms + mania

mania

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

hallucination, delusions

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

alogia, avolition

neurochem factors of schizophrenia

excess dopamine

structural abnormalities of schizophrenia

• enlarged ventricles

  • small thalamus caused reduces metabolic activity

neurodevelopmental hypothesis

infections, malnutrition, and obstetrical complications

substance tolerance

increase dose to achieve same effect

withdrawal

post-intake reduction causes effects of distress, impairment, and pain

polysubstance dependency

3+ substance used

ADHD

inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity

autism

impairment in social interaction, restrictive behaviours, biggest characteristic is lack of response to adults

psychosurgery

brain surgery, last resort for depression

Electroconvulsive therapy

shock therapy, last resort for depression, causes retrograde amnesia

rTMS

repetative transcranial magnetic stim, shock to brain

Drug therapy

usually antidepressents or SSRIS

SSRIs

inhibit serotonin uptake so that it remains longer in synapse

freud

psychoanalysis

free association

think out loud

dream analysis

manifest (dream) vs latent (subconcious purpose)

rogers

client centered therapy

client centered therapy

emphasis on supportive emotional climate for clients with active listening, unconditional positive regard, and empathy

beck

cognitive therapy

cognitive therapy

catch, check, change, negative thinking

wolpe

behaviour therapy

behaviour therapy

exposure therapy, replace sympathetic response with parasympathetic
relaxation training, construct anxiety hierarchy, exposure with relaxation subd for anxiety

meta analysis

combines many results for overall conclusion

conclusion about psychotherapy

avg person better than 80% of ppl who dont

best therapy?

most equally effective bc they address emotional sitch, interpersonal learning, and empathy

triplett

some kids do better and worse with a partner present

social facilitation

theory that people do better with presence of others

zonjac

studies that the presence of others increases dominant response and decreased novel response

sherif

people use each other in ambiguous situations

asch

people aren’t as easily influenced when there’s an obvious answer

miligram

people will be submissive to a dominate/authoritarian figure

attribution

giving an emotion a cause

attribution theory

attribution can be dispositional and situational

checks for attribution?

distinction, consistency, consensus

fundamental attribution error

people overestimate dispositional attribution for situational disposition

best treatment for anxiety

cbt , exposure ,

best treatment for depression

cbt and meds

best treatment for schizophrenia

medications & social skills training