Studied by 9 people
energy
all organisms require an input of ____ from the environment
ATP
organisms generally convert the energy they obtain into
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
What are the biological molecules?
water
What is the most abundant molecule in living organisms?
enzymes
proteins that act as catalysts to speed up biochemical reactions
hydrogen bonding
the attraction between the positive (hydrogen) side of water molecule and the negative (oxygen) side of another water molecule
hydrogen
What is the positive side of a water molecule?
oxygen
What is the negative side of a water molecule?
ionic compounds
Water is a good solvent of
water is a good solvent
Why can so many biochemical reactions take place within a cell and its immediate environment?
acid
more H+ than OH-
base
more OH- than H+
cohesion
ability of water molecules to stick together
adhesion
ability of water to adhere to other molecules
surface tension
difficulty in breaking the surface of water
high specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity
it heats up and cools down quickly
monomers
building blocks of larger macromolecules called polymers
macromolecules
large molecules that fall into four categories: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
condensation reactions
responsible for the biosynthesis of polymers from monomers with the removal of water
hydrolysis
break down polymers into their monomers with the addition of water
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
What elements are found in all organisms (and macromolecules)?
proteins and nucleic acids
nitrogen is commonly found in
proteins
sulfur is commonly found in
nucleic acids
phosphorus is commonly found in
carbohydrates
consist of sugar and polymers of sugars
sugar
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
glucose C6H12O6
the most important monosaccharide and its formula
the bonding between carbohydrate subunits
What determines the specific orientation of a carbohydrate and its secondary structure?
lipids
water-insoluble molecules composed of glycerol and fatty acids
fats/triglyercides
energy storage molecules consisting of one glycerol molecule with three fatty acid molecules attached
saturated fatty acids
do not contain a double bond and are more likely to be solid at room temperature
unsaturated fatty acids
have one or more double bonds and are more likely to be fluid at room temperature
phospholipids
consist of one glycerol molecule with two fatty acid molecules attached as well as a polar component; they can self-assemble into a classic bilayer arrangement that is the basis of all biological membranes
wax and steriods
lipids with more complex structures that have a number of functions, including cholesterol
proteins
polymers made up of different combinations of 20 commonly occurring amino acid monomers
protein functions
structural components of cells and tissues
transporting materials through the cell membrane
catalysts (enzymes)
peptide bonds
How are amino acids connected?
dehydration synthesis
proteins are formed via
hydrogen atom
carboxyl group (COOH)
amine group (NH2)
variable r group different for each amino
the central carbon atom in amino acids is covalently bonded to four atoms or functional groups:
primary structure
refers to the specific linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
secondary structure
the initial folding patterns of certain lengths of the polypeptide chain, such as alpha helices and beta pleated sheets
tertiary structure
refers to the overall shape in which a polypeptide eventually folds
quaternary structure
arises from the association of two or more folded polypeptides to form a multisubunit proteinn
nucleic acids
made from nucleotides, DNA and RNA
5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base
parts of a nucleotide
adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
DNA bases
adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine
RNA bases
carbohydrates
general functions:
energy
energy storage
cell wall structure
lipids
general functions
energy storage
plasma membrane structure
physical protection
hormones
proteins
general functions:
biochemical catalysts
structure, movement, signal reception
transport of materials in and out of cells
nucleic acids
general functions:
storage of genetic information
converts genetic information into proteins
energy currency of the cell
enzymes
proteins that act as catalysts to speed up biochemical reactions
activation energy
the energy required to initiate a chemical reactiona
lower
enzymes _____ the activation energy of a reaction
substrates
enzymes combine with ______, they have an active site where it attaches.
catalytic reaction
What kind of reaction takes place when the enzyme and substrate are joined, forming a product?
recycled
enzymes can be ______
pH, temperature, and substrate concentration
enzymes are affected by
increases
As a substrates concentration increases, the reaction speed increases/decreases up to a certain point
cofactors and coenzymes
can also affect enzyme function, as some enzymes may only be active when these are present.
vitamins
most coenzymes are
minerals
most cofactors are
Note 
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