U1: Chapter 2: Matter

energy

all organisms require an input of ____ from the environment

ATP

organisms generally convert the energy they obtain into

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

What are the biological molecules?

water

What is the most abundant molecule in living organisms?

enzymes

proteins that act as catalysts to speed up biochemical reactions

hydrogen bonding

the attraction between the positive (hydrogen) side of water molecule and the negative (oxygen) side of another water molecule

hydrogen

What is the positive side of a water molecule?

oxygen

What is the negative side of a water molecule?

ionic compounds

Water is a good solvent of

water is a good solvent

Why can so many biochemical reactions take place within a cell and its immediate environment?

acid

more H+ than OH-

base

more OH- than H+

cohesion

ability of water molecules to stick together

adhesion

ability of water to adhere to other molecules

surface tension

difficulty in breaking the surface of water

high specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity

it heats up and cools down quickly

monomers

building blocks of larger macromolecules called polymers

macromolecules

large molecules that fall into four categories: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

condensation reactions

responsible for the biosynthesis of polymers from monomers with the removal of water

hydrolysis

break down polymers into their monomers with the addition of water

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

What elements are found in all organisms (and macromolecules)?

proteins and nucleic acids

nitrogen is commonly found in

proteins

sulfur is commonly found in

nucleic acids

phosphorus is commonly found in

carbohydrates

consist of sugar and polymers of sugars

sugar

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

glucose C6H12O6

the most important monosaccharide and its formula

the bonding between carbohydrate subunits

What determines the specific orientation of a carbohydrate and its secondary structure?

lipids

water-insoluble molecules composed of glycerol and fatty acids

fats/triglyercides

energy storage molecules consisting of one glycerol molecule with three fatty acid molecules attached

saturated fatty acids

do not contain a double bond and are more likely to be solid at room temperature

unsaturated fatty acids

have one or more double bonds and are more likely to be fluid at room temperature

phospholipids

consist of one glycerol molecule with two fatty acid molecules attached as well as a polar component; they can self-assemble into a classic bilayer arrangement that is the basis of all biological membranes

wax and steriods

lipids with more complex structures that have a number of functions, including cholesterol

proteins

polymers made up of different combinations of 20 commonly occurring amino acid monomers

protein functions

structural components of cells and tissues

transporting materials through the cell membrane

catalysts (enzymes)

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peptide bonds

How are amino acids connected?

dehydration synthesis

proteins are formed via

hydrogen atom

carboxyl group (COOH)

amine group (NH2)

variable r group different for each amino

the central carbon atom in amino acids is covalently bonded to four atoms or functional groups:

primary structure

refers to the specific linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

secondary structure

the initial folding patterns of certain lengths of the polypeptide chain, such as alpha helices and beta pleated sheets

tertiary structure

refers to the overall shape in which a polypeptide eventually folds

quaternary structure

arises from the association of two or more folded polypeptides to form a multisubunit proteinn

nucleic acids

made from nucleotides, DNA and RNA

5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base

parts of a nucleotide

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

DNA bases

adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine

RNA bases

carbohydrates

general functions:

energy

energy storage

cell wall structure

lipids

general functions

energy storage

plasma membrane structure

physical protection

hormones

proteins

general functions:

biochemical catalysts

structure, movement, signal reception

transport of materials in and out of cells

nucleic acids

general functions:

storage of genetic information

converts genetic information into proteins

energy currency of the cell

enzymes

proteins that act as catalysts to speed up biochemical reactions

activation energy

the energy required to initiate a chemical reactiona

lower

enzymes _____ the activation energy of a reaction

substrates

enzymes combine with ______, they have an active site where it attaches.

catalytic reaction

What kind of reaction takes place when the enzyme and substrate are joined, forming a product?

recycled

enzymes can be ______

pH, temperature, and substrate concentration

enzymes are affected by

increases

As a substrates concentration increases, the reaction speed increases/decreases up to a certain point

cofactors and coenzymes

can also affect enzyme function, as some enzymes may only be active when these are present.

vitamins

most coenzymes are

minerals

most cofactors are