APUSH AMSCO Period 1

Columbian Exchange

Columbian Exchange

Trans-Atlantic trade of animals, plants, germs, and people. Profoundly changed each area it hit (Europe, North America, South America, Caribbean, Africa)

Natives and Africans

Were used for labor in agriculture and mining precious metals. Resisted oppression by maintaining elements of their cultures.

European countries in America

Spanish and Portuguese, followed by the French and Dutch, and then the English.

Columbus and other explorers

When writing history, (predominantly white, male) historians wrote of _________________ as great explorers, with a heroic legacy. As the stories of different kinds of people began to take a greater role in the story of America, these people are increasingly seen as invaders of great societies.

European diseases and violence

Destroyed the diverse and vibrant pre-Columbian cultures.

Original discovery of America

Occurred at least 10,000 years before Columbus. Most likely 30,000-40,000 years ago. The theory is that migrants from Asia crossed a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska, which was covered in water at the end of the Ice Age. Another theory is that the migrants came on boats.

The first Americans

Evolved into hundreds of tribes, spoke hundreds of languages, and practiced different cultures. There were at least twenty language families in North America alone.

AD 300-800

The Mayas built remarkable cities in the rainforest of the Yucatan Peninsula (present day Guatemala, Belize, and southern Mexico.)

Tenochtitlan

Aztec capital. Had a population of over 200,000.

Incas

Developed a vast empire in Peru.

Corn and potatoes

Main diet of the Aztecs, Maya, and Incas.

Pre Columbian population of North America

Anywhere between 1 million and 10 million

North American native societies

Smaller and less sophisticated in the traditional sense than Mesoamerica and South America

Cultivation of corn

Took a long time to diffuse to North America

Most North American tribes

By the time Columbus arrived, they lived in semipermanent settlements in groups seldom exceeding 300 people.

Men and women

___________ made tools and hunted for game, while __________ gathered plants and nuts or grew crops such as corn, beans, and tobacco.

Native American languages

Constituted more than 20 language families. The largest were Algonquian, Siouan, and Athabaskan.

Southwest settlements

Groups such as the Hokokam, Anasazi, and Pueblos. Supported by farming with complex irrigation systems. They lived in caves, under cliffs, and in multistoried buildings.

Northwest settlements

Along the Pacific Coast from what is today Alaska to northern California. Lived in longhouses or plank houses. Diet based on hunting, fishing, and gathering. Saved stories and myths with totem poles.

Great Plains

Most people were either nomadic hunters or sedentary farmers. Lived in tipis and earthen lodges. Tribes such as the Lakota Sioux and the Apache. Horses came in 17th century.

Midwest settlements

Prospered with a rich food supply. Supported by hunting, fishing, and agriculture. Adena-Hopewell culture is famous for the mounds they built.

Northeast settlements

Their culture combined hunting and farming. The farming techniques exhausted the land, so they had to leave. Iroquois Confederation lived here. Collection of Oneida, Mohawk, Onondaga, Seneca, Cayuga working together to govern.

Atlantic Seaboard Settlements

Lived in the area south of New Jersey to Florida. Descendants of Woodlands mound builders.

Renaissance

Time after the Middle Ages in which people, particularly in Italy, rediscovered the Classical Age (Greece and Rome). Spanned all areas of study, including art, music, and philosophy. Also sparked an increased interest in science, which allowed the necessary technology for trans-Atlantic travel to develop.

Religious conflict

This was a huge factor in European migration and desire to convert natives to their version of Christianity.

95 Theses

The arguments against the Catholic Church that began the Protestant Reformation.

Counter-Reformation

The movement in the Catholic church to address the concerns brought up by Martin Luther in the 95 Theses. Brought about the Jesuit order, missionaries who traveled all over the world.

Catholic victory in Spain

The monarchs of Castile and Aragon, Ferdinand and Isabella, united to drive Muslims and Jews out of Spain in the Reconquista and the Inquisition. This made Spain into a prominent, Catholic nation, ready to spread their religion and intolerant of anyone else's.

Protestant Reformation

Spawned many denominations of Christianity besides Catholicism. Because different sects of Catholics and Protestants were facing religious discrimination, they migrated to North America.

Mercantilism

Many countries wanted to trade finished goods for raw materials, and they wanted to do this trade with their colonies. This provided a guaranteed market for finished goods.

New routes

Many countries were compelled to find the quickest route to Asia after the Silk road collapsed.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Founded a school in Portugal for sailors.

Chattel slavery

Slavery was an important part of most civilizations. However, in America, Europeans employed ____________, which was the practice of treating slaves like animals/commodities.

African resistance

Many slaves revolted or sabotaged work to get back at their masters.

Nation states

Began to replace small kingdoms and multiethnic empires. Most nations had a homogenous population.

Columbus

Granted resources to go to India by going west by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. Given the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria.

Legacy of Columbus

He was important to world history, but many regard him as a villain rather than a hero. He did, however, change the world.

Beans, corn, sweet potatoes, potatoes, tomatoes, and tobacco

Foods and commodities the Europeans received from the Columbian Exchange.

Sugar cane, bluegrasses, pigs, and horses

Foods and animals Native Americans received from the Columbian Exchange.

Wheel, iron implements, guns

Technology transferred to the Americas.

Spain and Portugal

First two countries that claimed the Americas.

Line of demarcation

The line the pope drew across South America that divided it up between Spain and Portugal.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Established Portugal's claim to Brazil and Spain's claim to everything else.

Conquistadores

Spanish explorers who established Spain's claims in South America.

John Cabot

First English explorer in America

Defeat of Spanish Armada

1588. Queen Elizabeth I and the English Navy defeated King Phillip of Spain, establishing England as the strongest military in Europe. This paved the way for the acquisition of Britain's colonial empire and allowed English explorers to go to America.

Church of England

Protestant church founded by Henry VIII. It kept all Catholic traditions except for the papal positions, which were given to the King of England and members of his court.

Verrazano

Explored North America's eastern coast looking for Northwest Passage

Jacques Cartier

Explored the St. Lawrence River

French

Mainly interested in trapping

Dutch

Established New Amsterdam

Florida

Established St. Augustine in 1565

New Mexico

Santa Fe was established as the capital. Harsh efforts to Christianize the Native Americans caused the Pueblo Revolt.

Texas

Between New Mexico and Florida. Resisted French efforts to explore the Mississippi

California

In response to Russian exploration of Alaska, the Spanish established San Diego in 1769 and San Francisco in 1776. Missionary settlements were also established.

Forced labor

Through disease and violence, the Spanish conquered the highly organized Aztec and Inca societies and made them work

Racial mixing

Conquistadors often had sexual relations (anything from marriage to rape) with Aztec and Inca women, as well as African women, producing mixed children. Rigid class system was based on race.

Bartolome de las Casas

Priest who fought for the humanity of the Mesoamerican people to be recognized.

Valladolid Debate

Debate over whether or not Native Americans should be treated as people.

English

Got rid of the Native Americans when they needed to through massacre

French policy

Tried to convert Native Americans to Catholicism and traded with them

Many Native Americans

Migrated to new places to get way from Europeans.