Genetics E1

phenotype

the observable physical characterstics of an organism

genotype

the assorgment of gnes that an organism inherits

wildtype

the most common trait not dominant in the wild

mutants

non-wildtype variants

mutation

permanent change in genetic code

testcross

homozygous recessive

polymorphism

coexsistence of two ore more common phenotypes(brown hair and eyes(]

cross

mating between two organisms with different alleles for a particular gene

forward genetics

starts with a random single gene mutant and twin thier DNA sequence

reverse genetics

starts with organisms DNA compare to other indiivduals

reciprical crosses

white girl x blue boy

white boy x blue girl

limit out the possiblity of sex linked

gene

portion of your DNA that encodes for a specific protein

allele

alternate form of a gene

monohybrid

an organism that is heterozygus for one gene or trait

meiosis

-produces sex cells

-two rounds

-cross over-

half genes

mitosis

-one round

-diploid

transient diploid

a short phase in the life cycle of algae and fungi that are mainly haploid

null allele

result in total loss of function

leaky mutation

allow some wildtype to bleed through and some function

neutral mutation

no effect on hpenotype

promoter region

binding site for RNA polymerase

haplosufficent gene

gene has enough gnee function wiht a single wildtype copy to produce a wildtype copy Big A needs one to lok like wildtype Aa

haploinsufficent

genes where one wildtype canonot produce enough protein for normal founciton

pseudoautosomal

false sections that match on X with Y reigon

Autosomal recessive disorders

Autosomal- skips generations, unaffected having affected, in both males and females. Cistic Fibrosis.

autosomal dominant

rare, kilss individuals with two carriers dd- natural selection huntingtons disease, synthetic lethal

synthetic lethal

a genetic interaction where the combination of two genetic mutations results in cell death.

Y-linked disorders

more males affected than females

dihibryd

cross of two heterzygote genes

chai square test

compare our observed and expected = the sum of (ob-ex)²/ex

law of independent assortment

are not linked seperate independent from each other

recombination

production of new allele combination

polygene QTL’s

traits under control of multiple genes

hybrid vigor

offspring produced from crossing two genetically distinct individuals exhibit superior traits, such as increased size, growth rate, or yield, compared to either of their parents

polygentic inherience

controleed by many genes

uniparental inheritnece

all genes inherited from one parent

X linked domniant disorder

affected males