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Littoral Zone
Near the shore, shallow, and sunlit with abundant plant life.
Limnetic Zone
Open surface water away from the shore, sunlit, and supports photosynthesis.
Profundal Zone
Deeper, darker water below the limnetic zone with cooler temperatures.
Benthic Zone
Bottom of the pond, often covered with detritus and home to decomposers.
Which pond zone has the greatest biodiversity?
The littoral zone because it provides sunlight, nutrients, and shelter for many organisms.
Which pond zone is based around decomposition?
The benthic zone, where detritus and decomposers dominate.
Marsh
Wetlands dominated by grasses and herbaceous plants; usually nutrient-rich.
Swamp
Wetlands dominated by woody plants like trees and shrubs.
Bog
Acidic wetlands with low nutrients, often dominated by mosses like sphagnum.
Estuary
Coastal wetlands where freshwater meets saltwater; highly biodiverse and productive.
Seagrass Bed
Underwater areas of rooted vegetation that provide habitat for marine life.
Mangrove Swamp
Coastal wetlands with salt-tolerant trees that protect shorelines from erosion.
Three ecosystem services provided by wetlands
Water filtration and purification, flood control and stormwater management, habitat for diverse species and carbon sequestration.
Coastal Zone
Near the shore, shallow, and highly productive.
Intertidal Zone
The area between high and low tide.
Oceanic Zone
Open ocean far from shore.
Photic Zone
The sunlit upper layer where photosynthesis occurs.
Aphotic Zone
The dark layer where no sunlight penetrates.
Benthic Zone (ocean)
The ocean floor.
Where is most ocean biodiversity found?
In the coastal zone, especially coral reefs and estuaries.
Abiotic factor determining shore type
The wave energy and geological composition of the shoreline.
Black Sand Color Source
Volcanic rock or basalt.
Brown Sand Color Source
Quartz and other rock fragments.
White Sand Color Source
Coral or shell fragments.
Cause of tidal rise and fall
The gravitational pull of the moon and sun on Earth’s oceans.
Mutualistic relationship: Coral polyps and algae
Coral polyps gain food through photosynthesis by algae, while algae receive shelter and nutrients from coral waste.
Why are coral reefs biodiverse?
They provide a variety of habitats and niches due to their complex structure and proximity to nutrient-rich waters.
Why is the open ocean less productive than the coastal zone?
It lacks nutrient input from land, and nutrients tend to sink to deeper layers.
Open ocean zones (most sunlight to least)
Epipelagic Zone, Mesopelagic Zone, Bathypelagic Zone, Abyssopelagic Zone, Hadalpelagic Zone.
Where to find bioluminescent organisms?
In the mesopelagic zone and below, where light from the surface no longer reaches.
Advantage of being bioluminescent
Attracting prey, deterring predators, communication, or camouflage in dark environments.
Marine snow
Provides a continuous source of organic material from decaying organisms and fecal matter that falls from upper layers.
Hydrothermal vents
Support chemosynthetic bacteria that use hydrogen sulfide to produce energy, forming the base of unique ecosystems.
