Celebration of Learning 3

Altruism

unselfish behavior in which a person helps another at a cost to themself

Egoism

selfishness and disregard for the needs of others

Social Capital

concept describing networks of relationships that benefit individuals and groups

Reciprocity Norm

the idea that those who give and help others will receive the same treatment in return

Social Responsibility Norm

a social standard in which people are expected to help those in need

Social Exchange Theory

an analogy between interpersonal interactions and a business transaction

Kin Selection

a form of natural selection which favors an organism helping their parents and/or siblings

Empathy

a deeper understanding of an individual through the perspective of that individual

Diffusion Of Responsibility

when a greater number of people are present

Bystander Effect

situation in which a person fails to help another

Pluralistic Ignorance

a scenario in which many members of a group privately disagree with the prevailing major belief

Moral Exclusion

a situation in which opponents start to believe the other person is undeserving of basic moral treatment

Overjustification Effect

when an external reward lowers a person’s interest in a specific behavior (greater extrinsic motivation → less intrinsic motivation)

Social Cognition

how people perceive

Controlled Cognition

deliberate

Automatic Cognition

fast

Priming

the automatic activation of mental concepts by recent experiences

Prototype

a mental representation of the “best” or most typical example of a category

Exemplar

a specific remembered instance of a category used to make judgments

Construal Level Theory

theory stating that psychological distance (time

Belief Perseverance

the tendency for beliefs to persist even after the evidence supporting them is discredited

Confirmation Bias

the tendency to seek

Counterfactual Thinking

mentally simulating alternatives to past events (“what could have been”)

Illusory Correlation

an incorrectly perceived connection between two variables

Base Rate Fallacy

ignoring statistical base rates in favor of individuating or vivid information when making judgments

Schema

cognitive frameworks that organize knowledge and guide information processing

Subtyping

creating a narrower

Assimilation

incorporating new information into existing schemas with minimal change

Accommodation

adjusting or creating new schemas when new information cannot fit existing ones

Heuristic

a mental shortcut used to make judgments quickly and efficiently

Representativeness Heuristic

judging likelihood based on similarity to prototypes

Availability Heuristic

judging likelihood based on how easily examples come to mind

Anchor-and-Adjust Heuristic

relying on an initial value (anchor) and insufficiently adjusting away from it

Cognitive Miser

the idea that people conserve mental effort and rely on simple strategies to minimize cognitive load

Motivated Tactician

the idea that people flexibly switch between effortful and effortless thinking depending on goals

Mood

a diffuse

Emotion

a short-lived

Affect

the broad umbrella of feeling states

Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory

emotion arises from (1) physiological arousal and (2) a cognitive label applied to that arousal

Mood-Congruent Judgment

tendency to make evaluations consistent with current mood (e.g.

Affect Infusion Model (AIM)

theory that affect influences judgment most when people use effortful

Stereotype

a set of generalized cognitive beliefs and attributions towards a specific demographic (cognition)

Prejudice

unwarranted/unprompted negative emotions towards a person or group (affect)

Discrimination

immoral treatment of others based on negative attitudes about them (behavior)

Ego Defensiveness

unconscious methods to preserve self-worth and mental stress

Social Dominance Orientation

tendency to prefer circumstances that sustain and enforce social inequality

Right Wing Authoritarianism

ideological trait defined by strong 1. submission to authority

Terror Management Theory

the explanation that people fear death

Mortality Salience

awareness of the inevitability of death

Essentialism

idea that specific demographics possess inherent traits

Outgroup Homogeneity Effect

the assumption that out-group members are very similar

Cross Racial Identification Effect

people are better at facial recognition in members of the same race

Shooter Bias

implicit racial bias in police officers to shoot black people more than white people

Ultimate Attribution Error

similar to FAE

Implicit Association Test

a computer test in which objects and words are sorted into groups and eventually assigned positive or negative values to interpret implicit biases of the objects

Realistic Conflict Theory

conceptual framework describing competition between groups and how it fuels prejudice

Social Identity Theory

social groups influence self-esteem and self-worth on an individual level

Social Dominance Theory

theory that assumes societies minimize social conflict by enforcing hierarchical beliefs and inequalities between groups

Power Basis Theory

describes power as a means to obtain some other survival need

Institutional Discrimination

unjust treatment through policies and practices of systemic powers

Cultural Discrimination

unjust treatment through harmful societal norms

Stigma

negative social attitude about an attribute of an individual

Concealable Stigma

an attribute viewed negatively that is not immediately apparent in a social interaction

Objectification

the act of treating individuals as objects (without autonomy + rights)

Token Status

including marginalized members in groups to appear diverse

Intersectionality

the compounded discrimination faced by individuals part of different demographics compared to others with a complex makeup

Subtle Discrimination

indirect behaviors that harms others who are viewed negatively

Blatant Discrimination

direct

Stereotype Threat

the expectation that negative stereotypes inflicted on a member group will affect judgement of their performance

Stereotype Lift

better performance as a result of negative stereotypes inflicted on other groups

Stereotype Suppression

the attempt to control/eliminate judgements and stereotypes onto others

Rebound Effect

as attempts to suppress stereotypes increase

Disidentification

the act of removing a harmful characteristic from oneself to guard from anxiety

Contact Hypothesis

concept that intergroup prejudice is reduced when members of different groups interact

Superordinate Goal

a goal that can be achieved with the combined efforts of multiple groups

Extended Contact Effect

the idea that knowledge of interconnection between in and outgroup members influences attitudes toward the out group

Common Ingroup Identity Model

a framework describing how intergroup bias can be reduced by creating a shared identity

Affirmative Action

efforts put into place to combat prejudice and offer opportunities to disadvantaged groups

Cognitive Complexity

an individual's ability to perceive the world through a multi-faceted lens

Attributional Complexity

concept that explains behaviors as a combination of internal and external causes

Sex

biological identity assigned at birth (biological features)

Gender

socially constructed identity (behavioral

Gender Identity

a person’s sense of self in relation to their conception of their gender

Cisgender

a person whose gender identity matches their biological sex

Transgender

a person whose gender identity does not match their biological sex

Evolutionary Psychology

psychological perspective that focuses on human adaptation to new environments over time

Culture

a conglomerate of values

Gender Role

the patterns of behaviors and traits that fall under a culture’s standards for a specific gender group

Social Role Theory

concept that roles are assigned to a gender based on their abilities

Heterosexism

prejudice against non-heterosexual behaviors or relationships

Hostile Sexism

overtly negative attitudes held towards women as a threat to male dominance

Benevolent Sexism

positive behaviors rooted in traditional gender stereotypes that indirectly demean women

Hypermasculinity

an outward exaggeration of stereotypical male attributes

Gender Belief System

a stereotypical set of standards which assigns attributes to males or females and establishes gender roles

Gender Polarization

the strict distinction between male and female and how behaviors exhibited by one gender are seen as inappropriate for the other

Agentic

a focus towards completing self-oriented goals (getting ahead)

Communal

a focus towards completing other-oriented goals (getting along)

Discrimination-Affection Paradox

a position in which discriminatory behaviors towards a group can still occur when a person holds positive beliefs about that group

Spatial Agency Bias

phenomenon in which people represent agency on a continuum in the same direction as they read and write (more agentic on left)

Face-Ism

tendency of advertisements to display male faces (representing competence) and female bodies (representing sensuality)