Geometric Isomerism in Alkenes
Why does geometric isomerism exist in Alkenes?
- The carbons in the double bond are sp2 hybridized, so they form one sigma bond and one pi bond.
- Sigma bonds have freedom of rotation, but pi bonds do not.
- Therefore, the groups attached to the double bond are locked in place.
- If there are different groups attached to the double bond, this makes for 2 possible arrangements.
Cis- and Trans- naming
If the molecule has an identical pair of atoms on the same side of the double bond, it is a **cis-alkene.
If the molecule has an identical pair of atoms on opposite sides of the double bond, it is a **trans-alkene.

The problem with using the cis-trans system is that you need at least 1 identical pair of atoms.
So we sometimes use another system of naming
E-Z Naming
- First you have to rank the substituents based on their atomic number. Elements with the higher atomic number get higher priority.
- E.g. a chlorine atom is ranked higher than an ethyl group which is ranked higher than a hydrogen
- If the higher ranked atoms/groups are on the same side, it is a (Z)-alkene
- If the higher ranked atoms/groups are on opposite sides, it is a (E)-alkene