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Pearl Harbor
Japanese attack on US naval base in Hawaii, leading to US entry into WWII
Roosevelt
US president during WWII, faced public pressure to aid Allies
Mobilization
The process of preparing and organizing resources for war effort
Racism
Increased discrimination and prejudice, particularly against Japanese Americans
Allies
Countries, including the US, Britain, and Russia, united against Axis powers
Vichy, France
French government collaborating with Nazis after German occupation
Winston Churchill
British prime minister during WWII, strong ally of the USA
German Occupation
Control of a country by Nazi Germany during WWII
Frank Knox
US Secretary of the Navy during WWII
Henry L. Stimson
US Secretary of War during WWII
Axis Powers
Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during WWII
Soviet Union
Country that invaded Finland and was part of the Allies during WWII
Great Britain
Country bombed by German air force in preparation for a land invasion
America First Committee
Group advocating for US neutrality and non-intervention in WWII
Tripartite Pact
Formally unifies Germany, Italy, and Japan in the Axis Powers alliance to deter America from joining the war
Selective Training and Service Act of 1940
First peacetime military draft in American history, requiring men 21 to 35 to register with local draft boards
Lend Lease Act of 1941
Policy of 'lending' war supplies to Britain, avoiding direct intervention to preserve democracy
Atlantic Charter
Agreement between Churchill and FDR outlining war aims for collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation, and freedom of the seas
Neutrality Acts
American policies that changed from isolationist to aggressive with Germany as more American destroyers were sunk
Embargo on Japan
Roosevelt's action to freeze Japanese assets in the US, preventing trade after their move to French Indochina
Doolittle Raid
US bombers counterattack on Japan, prompting the Japanese attack on Midway Islands
MAGIC
Code-breaking intelligence that helped the US surprise Japan in the Battle of Midway 1942
Stalingrad
USSR's rush through winter cold to attack German forces, turning the tide on Germany
War Production Board
Government agency coordinating resources and production for military needs during WWII
Manhattan Project
US efforts to build an atomic bomb during WWII, spurred by fear of Nazi development
Executive Order No. 8802
FDR's order preventing discrimination in defense industry work and creating the Fair Employment Practices Committee
Braceros
Mexican Americans taking over agricultural work left behind by white farmers during WWII
Rosie the Riveter
Propaganda symbol of women industrial workers during WWII, addressing the labor shortage
National War Labor Board
Created to settle labor disputes during WWII, favoring both open and closed shops
Office of Price Administration (OPA)
Government agency that rationed sugar, coffee, gas, and other goods using a points system during WWII
Office of War Information (OWI)
Propaganda agency aimed at maintaining American commitment to the war effort during WWII
Alien Registration (Smith) Act 1940
Legislation making it illegal to support or join groups advocating the violent overthrow of the US government
Korematsu v. United States
Landmark Supreme Court case upholding the internment of Japanese Americans during WWII
Internment Camps
Bad living spaces where Japanese Americans were forced to live during WWII due to fear of their resistance to America
442nd Regimental Combat Team
A unit of Japanese American soldiers who proved loyalty to the USA, leading to a public apology and $20,000 payment to survivors in 1988
Double V Idea
Movement for African Americans to serve in the war for victory abroad and at home, exposing similarities between Nazis and Jim Crow laws
Selective Service System
System established in 1942 to fairly draft people for military service while offering deferments to those who needed it
War Refugee Board
Established by FDR to save 200,000 Jews, following persuasion by Sec of Treasury Henry Morgenthau Jr., to intervene in the extermination of Jews
Operation Overlord
Planned invasion of France (D-Day) in 1944, initiated to open a new European front to help the USSR, resulting in successful but bloody outcomes
Battle of the Bulge
Final German offensive in Ardennes region of Belgium in 1944-45, named after the bulge shape created as numerous German soldiers crowded in to fight back Allied forces
Yalta Conference
1945 meeting between Britain, USSR, and USA to discuss postwar management, reparations from Germany, and the establishment of the United Nations Organization
Island Hopping
Strategy used by US forces in the Pacific to capture weaker islands and isolate the Japanese on the stronger ones to force surrender
Cold War
Conflict between the USA's capitalistic view and the USSR's communist view, shaping the world after WWII
Great Depression
Severe economic downturn in the 1930s, ended by the economic boom resulting from WWII
Four Policemen
China, Britain, USA, and USSR, who were to manage postwar issues and limit USSR power
Triple Alliance
Alliance between China, Britain, and USA, breaking after the completion of nuclear research and impatience with USSR
Isolationism
A policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries
Sec of Treasury Henry Morgenthau Jr.
Persuaded FDR to establish the War Refugee Board to intervene in the extermination of Jews during WWII
USSR's Sphere of Influence
The area in which the USSR had significant cultural, economic, military, or political influence
Racial Tensions
Tensions arising from racial inequality and discrimination, particularly during the mobilization for the war
Manpower Commission
Established to manage the balance of manpower on the combat front and production front during WWII
Regional Differences
Differences in culture, beliefs, and practices among soldiers from different regions, which were overcome during WWII
Axis Powers' Defeat
Resulted from the resistance met by the US, leading to a less likely shot at victory for the Axis Powers
Nuclear Research
Research leading to the completion of nuclear weapons, reducing the need for USSR's support against Japan
Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program
offered child-care, subsidized housing, and health care for 50 cents off each paycheck
Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC)
was used to enforce Executive Order No. 8802
NWLB (National War Labor Board)
regulates workers and employers during war to make sure economy stays going, become "refs" of labor movement, regulate unions
A Phillip Randolph
He was the black leader of The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. He demanded equal opportunities in war jobs and armed forces during WWII. He helped encourage the end of segregation in the military, although that happened after the war.
pachucos/"zoot suiters"
Mexican Americans in the race riots