APEL VOCAB (#1-27)

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270 Terms

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audience

the person(s) reached by a piece of writing

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attitude

a writer’s intellectual position or emotion regarding the subject of the writing

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tone

The attitude a literary work/author takes toward its subject, audience, and/or theme.

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diction

an author’s choice of words to convey a tone or effect

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ethos

the ethical appeal; to convince an audience of the author’s credibility or character

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logos

the appeal to logic; to convince an audience by use of logic or reason

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pathos

the emotional appeal; to persuade an audience by appealing to their emotions

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fallacy

a mistaken belief, especially one based on unsound argument

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ad hominem argument

From the Latin meaning “to or against the man,” this is an argument that appeals to emotion rather than reason.

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infer

to draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented

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connotation

The nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning, which may involve ideas, emotion, or attitudes.

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denotation

the dictionary definition of a word; the direct and specific meaning

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apostrophe

a figure of speech in which a person, thing, or abstract quality is addressed as if present

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imagery

Sensory details in a work; the use of figurative language to evoke a feeling, call to mind an idea, or describe an object.

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deductive

reasoning from the general to the specific. Contrast with inductive.

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inductive

reasoning from the specific to the general.

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structure

the framework or organization of a literary selection

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synthesis

the joining of two or more ideas or arguments to produce a new idea or argument

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warrant

connection, often unstated and assumed, between the claim and the supporting reason(s).

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syntax

the way words are put together to form phrases, clauses, and sentences

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symbol/symbolism

Generally, anything that represents, stands for, something else.

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mood

The feeling or ambiance resulting from the tone of a piece as well as the writer/narrator’s attitude and point of view.

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atmosphere

The emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work.

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abstract

not related to the concrete properties of an object.

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ambiguity

use of language in which multiple meanings are possible.

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persona

the voice or figure of the author who tells the story and who may or may not share the values of the actual author.

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rhetoric

the art of persuasion, using language purposefully, in order to get something done.

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rhetorical situation

the context or set of circumstances out of which a text arises.

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rhetorical analysis

this considers all elements of the rhetorical situation in which a text was generated and delivered in order to make an argument about the text.

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rhetorical mode

these are ways of using language with a specific focus.

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prose

the ordinary of form of written language without metrical structure, as distinguished from poetry or verse.

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colloquial

informal words, phrases or even slang in a piece of writing.

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sarcasm

A sharp, caustic remark.

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satire

a literary style used to make fun of or ridicule an idea or human vice or weakness

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motif

recurrent device, formula, or situation that often serves as a signal for the appearance of a character or event.

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metaphor

a comparison of two unlike things that have something in common.

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simile

 a comparison of two different things or ideas through the use of the words “like” or “as.”

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catharsis

purification or cleansing of the spirit through the emotions of pity and terror as a witness to a tragedy

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cliché

an expression or idea that has been overused to the extent that it loses its original meaning or novelty

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irony

verbal, dramatic, and situational – A situation or statement characterized by significant difference between what is expected or understood and what actually happens or is meant.

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paradox

occurs when the elements of a statement contradict each other.

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juxtaposition

placing of two items side by side to create a certain effect, reveal an attitude, or accomplish some other purpose.

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oxymoron

a figure of speech that combines two apparently contradictory terms into a single unusual expression.

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allegory

the device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning.

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allusion

 a direct or indirect reference to something that is presumable commonly known.

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epigraph

quote set at the beginning of a literary work or at its divisions to set the tone or suggest a theme

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elegiac

expressing sorrow often for something past

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contradiction

a direct opposition between things compared

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understatement

 the opposite of hyperbole. It is a kind of irony that deliberately represents something as being much less than it really is.

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hyperbole

an overstatement characterized by exaggerated language.

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metonymy

A term from the Greek meaning, a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that or another closely associated with it.

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antithesis

the juxtaposition of sharply contrasting ideas in balanced phrases or clauses.

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epiphany

a sudden or intuitive insight or perception into the reality or essential meaning of something usually brought on by a simple or common occurrence or experience

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anecdote

a brief story or tale

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pun

a play on words that are either identical or similar in sound but have sharply diverse meanings.

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wit

In modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights.

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didactic

intended for teaching or to teach a moral lesson

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syllogism

a form of deductive reasoning; an extremely subtle, sophisticated, or deceptive argument

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invective

the use of angry or insulting language in satirical writing

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euphemism

substitution of a milder or less direct expression for one that is harsh or blunt.

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anachronism

 Use of historically inaccurate details in a text

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parallelism

the use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same

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parody

a writing which imitates another serious piece and pokes fun at the original

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propaganda

information or rumor deliberately spread to help or harm a person, group, or institution

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analogy

a comparison in which an idea or a thing is compared to another thing that is quite different from it.

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aphorism

 An original concise statement designed to make a point or illustrate a commonly held belief.

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genre

term used to describe literary forms, such as tragedy, comedy, novel, or essay

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eulogy

a speech or writing in praise of a deceased person or thing

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repetition

a device in which words, sounds, and ideas are used more than once to enhance rhythm and create emphasis

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alliteration

the repetition of initial consonant sounds within a formal grouping, such as a poetic line or stanza, or in close proximity in prose

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integrity

holding firmly to values such as honesty; completeness; moral uprightness

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daft

silly, foolish

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imprudent

careless; rash; not attentive to consequence

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impudent

rude; disrespectful

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prodigal

wasteful; lavish

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acclaim

to express strong approval or praise; hail

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denunciation

a proclamation or expression of strong disapproval made openly or publicly

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circumspect

careful, thought through; considerate of all that is pertinent

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squalid

dirty or wretched in appearance

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compunction

a feeling of remorse for doing something wrong; regret; shame

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implausible

not having the appearance of truth or reason

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titillate

to excite or intrigue

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precocious

having or showing much more ability or knowledge than is usual at such a young age

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satiate

to satisfy an appetite fully

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enigma

something or someone puzzling, mysterious, inexplicable, a baffling situation, something obscure

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diatribe

a denunciation, a abusive, bitter, or biting speech

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conciliatory

eager to make peace

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decorum

propriety; whatever is proper

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bombastic

using language in a pompous, showy way; speaking to impress others

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archaic

old; from a much earlier time

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insatiable

incapable of being satisfied or fulfilled, extremely greedy

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raucous

boisterous, harsh sounding, noisy and disorderly

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ingratiate

bring oneself into favor with someone by flattering or trying to please them

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condescending

voluntarily having or showing a feeling of patronizing superiority

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rancorous

deeply hateful or spiteful; malicious; sealed resentment

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astute

sharp-minded; very cleaver; shrewd with regards to one’s own interests

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atrophy

to waste away

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loquacious

very talkative; liking to talk; garrulous

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blasphemous

profane; irreverent

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lechery

sexual sin; lust