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Primary aging
the universal and irreversible physical changes caused by biological effects that occur to all living creatures as they grow older
secondary aging
The specific physical illnesses or conditions that become more common with aging but are caused by health habits, genes, and other influences that vary from person to person.
Brain and Nervous System
-growth spurts in the brain
-response inhibition cortex control of limbic system
-new neuronal production
-gradual loss of speed
-every body function is affected
-gradual changes in neuronal level
Sex differences in Brain and Nervous System development
men have lower proportion of white matter in left brain hemisphere than right, women have an equal portion of gray matter in each brain hemisphere
changes in physical function
-changes are balanced between physical demand and physical capacity
-strength and speed (strength peaks in the early 20s and early 30s, active lifestyles affect functioning)
changes in reproductive capacity
-women's reproductive capacity begins to drop in her mid 30s
-men's capacity diminishes but remains intact
changes in heart and lungs
-systematic decline with age on maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max)
-reflects cumulative effects of sedentary lifestyle
-aerobic exercise can improve VO2 max at nearly any age
grip strength
will gradually decline
Immune system functioning
thymus gland and bone marrow produce B cells and T cells, B cells produce antibodies to fight off external threats, T cells defend against internal threats such as transplanted organs, cancer cells and viruses
Thymus gland
glandular organ at base of the neck that produces lymphocytes and aids in producing immunity; atrophies with age, gland is essential to aging process, declines in immune system may be in response to stress or depression
self-efficacy
An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.
internal locus of control
the perception that you control your own fate
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.
prevention for STDs
condoms, vaccines for certian infections (such as HPV and Hepatitis B), dental dams, prEP prescription to reduce the risk of HIV, limiting number of sexual partners, medications for bacterial and parasitic STIs
Sexual abuse
any sexual act without consent
Mental Health
-1in 5 adults experience a mental health illness
-18% live with anxiety disorders
-7% live with major depression
-1 out of 5 youth ages 13-18 live with a mental health condition
-37% of students with a mental health condition age 14+ drop out of school
-70% of youth in state and local juvenile justice systems have a mental illness
________ of youth in state and local juvenile justice systems have a mental illness
70%
Three personality disorder clusters: Cluster A
The Odd, Eccentric Cluster
Three personality disorder clusters: Cluster B
The Dramatic, Unpredictable Cluster
Three personality disorder clusters: Cluster C
The Anxious, Fearful Cluster
substance use
-peaks between the age of 18 and 40
-there are gender differences
-binge drinking is common among college students
-physical and psychological dependence and physical tolerance may occur
Cognitive changes Post-formal thought
thinking characterized by an understanding of the relative non-absolute nature of knowledge
Cognitive Changes: dialectical thought:
ability to think logically and critically in order to assess and evaluate propositions
In dialectal thought: intuitive and analytical thought finds _______________
balance
In dialectal thought: truth becomes ___________in the eye of the beholder
absolute
Social and personality development theories: Erickson:
intimacy versus isolation stage
Social and personality development theories: Levinson:
-life structures such as roles and relationships and conflicts and balances that exist between them
-formation of intimate relationship is the central developmental tasks
Levinson’s social and personality development theories argues that they cycle through periods of _________ and ___________
stability ; instability
triangle model of love is by which Psychologist and include the components of:
Robert J. Sternberg; passion, intimacy, and commitment
Evolutionary Theory: Primary motive is reproductive success:
-people who make bad mate choices will have little success
Mate preferences should be shaped by ______________
natural selection
We are instinctively attracted to features associated with _____________
reproductive success
Evolutionary Theory: Parental investment theory
-the sex that invests more is more selective
females should look for mate that could:
provide resources, was willing to invest resources, and protect family
Males look for a mate that had good:
reproductive potential, young and healthy, would be faithful, and nurturing
Prevalence of Marriage and Divorce in the US
-number of marriages 1,985,072
marriage rate
6.0 per 1,000 total
number of divorces:
689,308
divorce rate:
2.5 per 1,000 population
common causes or marriage problems
poor communication
money disputes
housework hassles
fickle priorities
lack of trust
keeping score
expecting your partner to make you happy
making promises you can't keep
expect your partner to change
expecting your partner to read your mind
depression
-weepiness/crying for no apparent reason
-feeling "I'm not like myself" of "this isn't me"
-impatience
-irritability
-restlessness
-anxiety
-sadness
-mood changes
-poor concentration
baby blues'
-difficulty sleeping, insomnia, exhaustion
-lack of energy
-low sex drive
-changes in appetite, weight loss or gain
-weepiness, excessive worry, agitation, anxiety
-feelings of inadequacy, hopelessness, despair
-guilt, sadness, fear of being alone
-irritability
-difficulty concentrating, panic, anger
-scary thoughts about baby, over-concern for baby's health
postpartum disorders
-postpartum depression
-postpartum OCD
-postpartum anxiety
Stages of parenting according to Galinsky
developing parent
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