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Judiciary Act of 1789
Established structure/jurisdiction for federal court system (Supreme Court, 3 federal courts of appeals, 13 federal district courts), federal laws are "the Supreme Law of the Land"
1 chief justice, 5 associates
Cabinet
group of department heads who act as advisors to president
Washington's Secretary of State
Thomas Jefferson
Washington's Secretary of the Treasury
Alexander Hamilton
Washington's Secretary of War
Henry Knox
Secretary of State
Foreign affairs
Secretary of the Treasury
Financial Obligations
Secretary of War
Deals with global conflicts
Hamilton's plan to deal with debt
Accept debt of states, pay off all other debt to citizens at face value of bonds sold during American Revolution ($40 million), Excise Tax on Whiskey, Bank of the United States
Excise Tax
tax on luxury product's manufacture within the US
What caused Whiskey Rebellion
Excise Tax on whiskey
Who was responsible for the Whiskey Rebellion
Western Pennsylvania Farmers
What did whiskey rebels do?
Attack & destroy home of tax inspectors
How did Hamilton want to respond to Whiskey Rebellion?
Send military
Washington's response to Whiskey Rebellion
Go to Pennsylvania and threaten rebels with military
Bank of the United States (B.U.S.)
National bank to manage nation's debts and issue bank notes/national currency
Who opposed the National Bank
Southerners
Why did people oppose the National Bank?
It was not among the federal government's powers in the Constitution
Justification for BUS
Elastic Clause (make all laws which are necessary and proper)
What did creating the BUS do?
gave the federal government implied powers to do what was necessary for carrying out its delegated powers
Implied powers
powers not listed in Constitution but necessary for federal government to do its job
Federalist leaders
Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, John Jay
Democratic-Republicans leader
Thomas Jefferson
Two main parties
Federalists & Democratic-Republicans
What led to the creation of political parties?
The split in Washington's Cabinet
Federalists supporters
middle, upper middle, upper classes (merchants, white collar, and urban professionals)
Democratic-Republicans supporters
lower and lower-middle classes (farmres, Western frontiersmen, blue-collar workers, urban craft-workers, traders)
Federalists view on power of government
Strong federal government
Democratic-Republicans view on power of government
Strong states' rights
Federalists interpretation of Constitution
Flexible
Democratic-Republicans interpretation Constitution
Strict constructionist
Federalists economy
Manufacturing
Democratic-Republicans economy
Agriculture
Did Federalists trust common people in government?
No
Did Democratic-Republicans trust common people in government?
Yes
American stance on French Revolution (1789-1799)
At first supportive, but Americans soon became divided b/c French were fighting British (British wanted to restore French monarchy) & US was trading partners with both France and Britain.
Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)
Signed by Washington, kept US out of foreign affairs
Why didn't Washington support French Revolution?
It was too violent
How did Britain respond to US trade with France
impressment of American sailors & seizure of naval & military supplies bound to France
Jay's Treaty (1794)
Made by John Jay
Protected US trade with Britain
Britain gave up forts in American territory from Revolutionary War
US accepted British seizure of cargo
Jefferson's response to Jay's Treaty
Thought it was too pro-British, so he resigned as Secretary of State after Senate approved it
Pickney's Treaty (1795)
with Spain
allowed US to use Mississippi River & port of New Orleans for trade
Spain feared America's contacts with Britain
Why didn't Washington run for third term?
thought running for more than 2 terms would be authoritarian
Washington's Farewell Address (1796)
warned against political parties & geographical divisions
warned against permanent political alliances with other countries
urged fairness in trade with all countries warned against geographical divisions
Which party did Washington side with?
Federalists (although he did not want to associate himself with any political parties)
2nd president
John Adams (1795-1800)
Who did Washington urge to run for president?
John Adams
When was Adams elected?
1796
Sectionalism
-Placing the interests of one's over those of the nation
In election of 1796, all of the North voted for Adams (Federalist) & all of the South voted for Jefferson (Democratic Republican)
France's response to Jay's Treaty
Didn't like US siding with Britain
Captured American ships
XYZ Affair (1797-1798)
3 American diplomats sent to meet French foreign minister
France sends 3 random government individuals (X, Y, and Z)
X, Y, and Z ask for $10 million dollars
Americans refused
Quasi War (Winter 1798)
XYZ affair led to demand for war
slogan: "millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute"
Congress prepares 20,000 man-army & calls Washington out of retirement as Commander in Chief
navy sent by Adams to defend from France
Undeclared naval war took place between France & US.
14 American warships backed by 200 armed merchant ships captured 80 French vessels and forced French warships out of American waters.
"Quasi War" because war not declared by Congress
US held their ground against France
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
raised residency requirements for citizenship from 5 to 14 years
authorized President to deport aliens
permitted arrest, imprisonment, &deportation of aliens during wartime
Sedition Acts prevented Americans from writing, saying, printing, or publishing things against government
Only Democratic-Republican newspapers were attacked
Tested limits of freedom of speech & press
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (Jan 1800)
made by Jefferson and Madison
denounced Alien & Sedition Acts as infringement on freedom of expression
states have right to declare laws null and void
Who controlled Congress during Adams Administration?
Federalists
3rd president
Jefferson
When was Jefferson elected?
1800
Significance of 1800 election
Successful transition of power from federalist to democratic-republican
Judiciary Act of 1801
"Midnight judges"
Adams worked with Federalist-controlled Congress to pack supreme court with federalist judges
reduced # of justices from 6 to 5
expanded judgeships (in Court of appeals & District courts) to 16
John Marshall appointed as Chief Justice
What did John Marshall do?
strengthen federal government power over states' rights
Jefferson's Secretary of State
James Madison
What did Jefferson tell Madison not to do?
deliver commissions to judges appointed by Adams
Who was William Marbury
One of the "midnight judges"
Marbury v. Madison (1803) cause
Sec. of State Madison didn't give Marbury his commission, so Marbury sued Madison
Marbury v. Madison (1803) ruling
Marbury had right to his commission
Judiciary Act of 1789 declared unconstitutional b/c it gave SCOTUS greater power than Constitution allowed
Significance of Marbury v. Madison (1803)
First time SCOTUS used judicial review
Who made the Louisiana Purchase?
Jefferson
What did the Louisiana Purchase do?
gave US Louisiana Territory, previously owned by France
What was the problem with the Louisiana Purchase?
Congress (mostly federalists) didn't approve, but Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory anyways (unconstitutional)
Why was the Embargo Act (1808) passed?
British impressment of American ships during Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815)
Embargo Act (1808)
blocked trade with Britain & France
Problem with Embargo Act
very costly, ended up being a failure
Macon's Bill (1810)
France agrees to stop impressing ships, and in return, trade with France continued
Who passed Macon's Bill
Madison
What did Macon's Bill lead to?
War of 1812
Note
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