I am highlighting in blue what I know if you see it just ignore it.

Key Issue #1- Language Distribution

A. What is it?

• Language- Communication though speech or writing with sounds and symbols that carry an agreed upon meaning

  • Example- sign language is included in the non-material culture

B. Language and Migration (Linguistic Geography)

• Linguistic Geography- the study of speech areas and can be used as a tool to trace migration patterns

• Interesting Facts

  • Madagascar´s language is similar to Indonesia though they are over 2,500 miles apart

• Self Questions

  • What language families would you expect to be alike

  • What conclusion can we draw from this

• Tracking Language History

  • Divergence- Language that breaks into different dialects due to lack of spatial interaction

    • Example- American English/ British English

  • Convergence- When two languages become similar due to constant spatial interaction

    • Example- Greek/Romanian

  • We can track migration by looking at language divergence and convergence

C. Classifying Languages

• 7,100 languages exists today

• Institutional- language used in education, work, and government

• Official- a government designated language (state language)

• Developing- a language with a literary tradition

• Vigorous- daily used language with no literary tradition

• Literary Tradition- language that has a written form

• Self Questions

  • What is the official language of India

  • What does that tell us about it’s history

D. Organizing Language Families

1. Language Families- language with a shared, but prehistoric origin language

2. Language Branches- smaller groups of languages within a family from the historic era

3. Language - group of languages in a family with many similarities in grammar and vocab

4. Language- Communication though speech or writing with sounds and symbols that carry an agreed upon meaning

5. Dialect- a particular version of a language

6. Accents- smaller pronunciation variations

E. Largest Language Families

1. Indo- European- language found in Europe, South Asia, North America, and Latin America

   • Branches

     1. Indo- Iranian (Hindi-India)

     2. Germanic (German-English)

     3. Romance (Spanish-French)

2. Sino- Tibetan

   • China- Mandarin the most common language in the world

F. Other Large Language Families

• Southeast Asia

  • Austronesian

  • Austro-Asiatic

• East Asia

  • Japanese

  • Korean

• Africa

  • Afro-Asiatic (Arabic)

  • Niger Congo (Swahili)

• Random

  • Dravidian

  • Altaic

  • Uracil

• Other American

  • Quechua

Review for Key Idea #1

1. Language is an example of what?

   • Non-material cultural

2. Madagascar’s language is most connected to the language of?

   • Indonesia

3. Lack of spacial interaction might cause a language to what?

   • Diverge

4. What do these terms mean

   • Institutional - language used in education, work, and government

   • Official - a government designated language (state language)

   • Developing - a language with a literary tradition

   • Vigorous - daily used language with no literary tradition

5. Put these in order from biggest to smallest “group”

   • Language Group (3rd)

   • Language Family (1st)

   • Dialects (5th)

   • Language Branch (2nd)

   • Language (4th)

   • Accent (6th)

6. What is the largest language family?

   • Indo- European

7. Which language is the most spoken

   • Mandarin

1232Key Issue #2- Indo-European Language Family

A. What is it?

• Indo- European- a language family spoken by 40% of worlds population and has a common prehistoric language ancestor

B. Theories of Origin

• Sedentary Farmer thesis (Peaceful)

  • Also called “Renfew Hypothesis”

  • Indo-European started in the Fertile Crescent

  • Language diffused peacefully though agricultural trade

• Nomadic Warrior Thesis

  • Kurgan Theory or Conquest Theory

  • Indo- European began in the vicinity of JW Russia

  • Kurgan Warriors brought the language with them as they conquered other areas

C. Indo-European Branches

• Romance language **

  1. French

  2. Spanish

  3. Italian

• Germanic Language

  1. English

  2. German

  3. Norwegian

• Slavic Language

  1. Russian

  2. Polish

  3. Czech

• **Orgin and Diffusion

  • Spread by the government and military of the Roman Empire

  • Came From the spoken Latin (Vulgar/Basic Latin) missing with the regional languages

D. Largest Indo-European Branch: Indo-Iranian

1. Persian (Farsi) - Iran

2. Hindi- India

3. Kurdish- Kurds

• Other Details

  • Linguistic Fragmentation- when people in a country speaks many different language, This is often caused by physical or cultural barriers

    • Example- Papua, new guinea has over 850 languages making it the most linguistically diverse place on earth

E. The English Language (Origin and Diffusion)

1. Origin of English

   • Britain was populated by staking tribes from Denmark and Germany called the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes

   • Vikings from Norway attacked later and adds their language

   • French Normans attacked later and adds their language

2. The Diffusion of English

   • Britain- British Colonies (N.A. Ireland South Asia, Australia, and South Africa)- United States- United States Annexes (Philippines)

3. Examples of English Language Convergences

   • Fraglais- French and English

   • Spanglish- Spanish and English

F. English as a Global Lingua Franca

1. What is a Lingua Franca?

   • Lingua Franca: a language of international communication to ease business and government interaction

   • Examples-

     • English

     • Mandarin Chinese

     • Swahili

   • Struggle to balance accepting global culture at the expense of local identity

2. English Speaking Countries

   • English is an official language in 58 countries and widely required education in European countries Japan, China, etc

   • English also dominated on the internet

3. What is a Pidgin

   • a simplified version of a language that rules and vocabulary from another language

   • It has no native speakers by definition

Key Issue #3- Language Variation Among Locations

A. Dialects and Sub dialects

• Dialect- a regional variation of language distinguished by distinctive vocab, spelling, and pronunciation and usually reflect differences in environment

B. English Dialects

• English Dialects- the differences in English result from colonization and thousands of miles of separation from the source nation

• Vocabulary- difference physical feature, animals, Indian, influence, and inventions (Biscuits and Cookies)

• Spelling- Webster’s dictionary deliberately diverged from the British spellings dropping u’s and c for s (Colour and Flavour)

• Pronunciation- difference due to only having printed contact between each other (Dropping the r’s on words like “car”)

C. Dialects in the U.K.

• Dialects and very much connected with the location at conquering tribes. The ‘standard language’ is called “received pronunciation”- the queens English

D. U.S. Dialects

• Isogloss- the boundary or limit of a word’s usage plotted geographically (Soda and Pop)

E. Distribution of U.S. Dialects

• Original 3 based on colonization

• Movement across the continent gave us a 4th western

• Mass Media is softening the differences

• Ebonics- controversial dialect based on…

  • African- American speech patterns (we be, you be)

• Appalachian English-

  • Controversial dialect based on mountain white speech patterns (going up yonder to the crick in the holler)

  • Creole- when a pidgin more fully develops from a colonized people group taking on simplified version of colonizer’s language

F. Dialects Become Languages

• Dialects- sometimes dialects diverge so much that they come reconsidered as separate languages

• Examples

  • Catalan- spoken in Andorra and Catalonia Spain. Represents a form of Independence (rebellion) for them

G. Standardizing Languages

• Government often promote standardizing languages to encourage cultural unity

  • Example- French Academie Francaise

• Natives also gather to standardize languages globally such as Portuguese and Spain

H. Gender and Language

• Some languages have male and female forms of words- not English

• Female are more likely to say “and uh”

• Women are less likely to interrupt men

• Self Question

  1. How do you live peacefully with multilingual places

  I) Multilingual Places

  1. Switzerland

  • Officially recognizes 4 languages and put political power in the local hands

  2. Canada

  • french spoken in Quebec and legally mandated this is cause of tension and calls for Independence

  3. Nigeria

  • strife and war between the 529 languages groups. Moved their capital to a “neutral” area

  4. Belgium

  • Divison by language and economics and led to call the separation and independence

Key Issue #4- Survival of Local Languages

A. Endangered Languages

• 7102 languages, 2447 are endangered, 1531 are troubled because they aren’t being taught by parents to their kids

• Worst areas- south pacific, latin america, and north america

  1. South Pacific

  • Australia- English is the official language and immigrants are required to learn it. Also original langues are secondary

  • New Zealand- Maori and English are both official

  2. North America

  • 142 dying languages, 61 troubled

  • Example- Miami native language is being revived by one single teacher

B. Preserving Languages (Ex. Celtic)

• The united nation and the European union and making efforts to persevere dying languages such as the “Year of Indigenous languages”

  1. Welsh

  • It was made required education, official language and promoted by being used on road signs, music, and entertainment

  2. Cornish

  • languages dead revived by standardizing of writing and now use in some church services

  3. Breton

  • Declining numbers but taught in schools

  4. Irish

  • Official laonguage of Ireland (Gaelic). taught and celebrated in Irish music found on road signs and etc

  5. Scottish Gaelic

  • Desire to presage Scottish heritage and literature

C. Languages Isolates and Extinct Languages

• 1. Language Isolates- is a language that has no relation to any other language

  • Example- Basque is a language isolate

  • Basque

    • Caused by limited interaction due to mountains surrounding them

    • Pre Indo-European language with no family

    • 600,000 people speak it and is sustainable

  2. Unchanged Languages

  • Languages that have remained unchanged over long periods of time though they are part of the established branch

    • Example- Icelandic part of the German Branch of Indo-European

  3. Extinct Languages- and language once used daily that has been abandoned

  • Example- Peru from 500 to 92 languages with only million speakers (Cuzco-Quechua Language)

  • Example- US- 74 languages are extinct

  • Think Globalization

D. New and Growing Languages

• Languages that are invented, revived and preserved

1. New Languages- newly discovered or newly created languages

• Example- Koro Aka

• Warlpiri Rampaku in Lamanujan Australia

2. Growing Languages- languages that were understood but rarely used, but are

• Example- Hebrew in Israel

E. Some Random Reminders

1. Why are some languages endangered

• Globalization

• Colonialism

2. Why preserve a language

• Maintain Independence and power

• Provide unity for a person

• Tourist appeal

• Preserve the cultural heritage

• Nationalism

3. Some Extra Vocab

• Agricultural Theory also called Anatolian hearth theory

• Kurgan Hearth theory