CDEP ( Furniture D2&3)

Arts and Crafts Style

Craftmanship is key in this handmade folk style. It originated as an anti-industrial reaction and also stood for social economic reform. (Shaker & Mission Style)

Classic Contemporary Style

This innocuous style is recognizable through the use of simplified shapes, a mix of soft and smooth textures

Contemporary Style

This style has evolved considerably since its birth and is now a combination of the old and new ideals. Some are influenced by nature, futuristic style and cutting edge aspects; others lean toward industrial, technical and oversimplified style.

Country Style

Cozy and quaint feel. The palette is a mixture of colors and prints. Distressed wood is frequently used, as well as antiques that have an old barn or farmhouse vibe.

Eclectic Style

Possibly the most difficult decor to describe. It is essentially a combination of all other styles; matching myriad styles is heavily encouraged, typically incorporating vintage and bright colors

Modern Style

Style oroginated with the Bauhaus movement, an architectural and visual ideal where form and function came together. Furniture was starting to be mass produced in a manner that was pleasing to the eye.

Rustic Style

Furniture comprised partly or wholly of locally found materials suh as bark, roots, branches, burls, and other natural forms define the unique way this style is constructed

Shabby Chic

Originating from Britain, this style relies mainly on flea market finds that are usually refinished. Also called cottage style.

Traditional Style

Regal and often detailed furnishings from a variety of different time periods make up this style, which is considered classic and exudes an ageless feel

Transitional Style

The offspring of traditional and contemporary furniture, which take aspects from color and finish, as well as materials and fabrics

Tuscan Style

Inspired by the hills of Italy, patricularly Tuscany. Some hallmarks of popular style include aged finish, iron scrollwork and intricate patterns

Vintage

Used to describe style less than 100 years

Antique

Used to describe style more than 100 years or atleast 50 years

Retro

Used to describe style that is an immitation or reproduction peices

Wood

Most prevalent raw material for furniture industries. Designers and craftsmen consider it as a unique and valuable medium. It has distinct advantage of feasibility to be converted into veneer, plywood, and particle board which provides a defect-free, wide dimensions and a table materials.

Lumber

Timber sawin or split in the form of beams, boards, joist, planks, esp. that which is smaller than heavy timber

Softwood

A wood classification that are coniferous or cone-bearing, needle-leafed, usually evergreen tree. Pallochina is an example.

Hardwoods

A wood classification that are decidous or broad-leafed trees. The dominant feature separating hardwoods from softwoods is the presence of pores, or vessels.

Narra

Most expensive, used for furniture and paneling, flooring, door panels, stairs and plywood veneer facings

Yacal and Guijo

Both hardwoods, used for posts and girders, or jambs attached to concrete and also for wooden decks having flooring and railings exposed to weather

Pine Benguet

PH wood speci. Soft wood used for panelings, sidings, flooring and furniture. framings and trussess

Tanguile (Philippine Mahogany ) and Apitong

The most common lumber in the market. Used generally for framings, joists, trusses, nailers etc.

White and Red Lauan

For framings, chests, jewel boxes

Kamagong

Hardwood for chests, jewel boxes, stair frames

Dao

Similar to walnut, used for panelings and plywood veneer.

Almaciga

Softwood similar to pine, for paneling

Commercial Species of Philippine Wood Suitable for Furniture

1) Palosapis

2) Phil. Ebony

3) Kamagong

4) Apitong

5) Dao

6) Ipil

7) Batikan

8) Narra

9) Akle

10) Tiaong

11) Yakal

12) White Lauaan

13) Guijo

14) Red Lauaan

15) Tanguile

16) Supa

17) Molave

18) Almaciga

Almon

Light interlocking grain. Moderately hard to cut, used for low grade beams, girders, rafters, chords, purlins, veneer and plywood face

Apitong

Reddish brown, interlocking grain, ribbon figure. Moderately hard to cut and has coarse texture, used for medium grade beams, girders, rafters, chords, purlins and flooring

Bagtikan

Light colored, interlocking grain, ribbon figure. Moderately hard to cut and has moderate coarseness, used for low grade beams, girders, rafters, chords, purlins, flooring

Balayong

Reddish brown. Moderately hard to cut,used for door panels, furniture, bowls

Batikuling

Philippine local softwood is used in making of santos. Soft to cut, moderate course. It has light interlocking grain

Batis

Reddish brown straight grain. Hard to cut moderately rine texture, use for flooring and stair riser.

Oak

Light grayish-brown to reddish brown. Strikng grain figure and large open pores. Heavy, strong and hard; durable under exposure, great wear resistance.

Maple

Creamy white to light reddish brown. Frequently straight- grained and tiny wood pores. Bird's eye pattern and special burl figures are also available heavy, hard, strong, and stiff; good shock resistance

Bird's Eye

Type of figure that occurs within several kinds of wood; distinctive pattern that resemble tiny swirling pattern

Wallnut

Light gray-brown to dark purple-brown. Wide variety of plain and highly figured patterns. Very strong and stable, only moderately heavy and stiff. Good shock resistance.

Pine

Cream color to light reddish-brown; extremely small pores. Heavy, hard, strong and stiff with very good shock resistance.

Cherry

light to dark reddish-brown. straight grain and small individual pores. moderately hard and heavy; good shock and weather resistance

Ash

Grayish through creamy white through to a reddish-dark brown. Distinct straight grains and open pores. Tough, heavy and hard with good shock resistance.

Mahogany

Yellowish-brown through reddish brown to dark red. Frequently highly figured grain pattern and open wood pores. Extremely stable, moderately hard, even textured, and heavy.

Beech

Very light brown hardwood. Distinct straight grain and open pores. Turns well and easily worked; commonly used as bentwood

Poplar

Light yellow to brownish-yellow with green tinge; even texture and straight grain pattern with barely visible pores. Medium to light weight, only moderately hard, stiff and shock resistant.

Teak

Tawny yellow to dark brown with frequent lighter and darker streaks. Pattern very similar to that of walnut. Heavy, strong, oily and tough.

Pecan

Creamy white to reddish-brown; occasional dark streaks and large wood pores. Very heavy, closed-grain, hard and strong.

Elm

Light brown to dark brown often containing shades of red; straight grain pattern with obvious light and dark boundaries. Moderately hard and heavy; good shock resistance; excellent building qualities

Rosewood

Various shades of dark brown to dark purple; conspicuous dark streaks; large open wood pores. Very hard, very heavy, with an extremely course texture. Usually used for chinese chairs

Cedar

Light red with light colored streaks running throughout; knotty pattern and other natural markings are always present. Highly aromatic and moderately hard though brittle.

Sycamore

Pale reddish-brown; obvious wide growth pattern and small wood pores. Moderately heavy and hard; fine textured and shock resistance

Butternut

pale to dark brown with occasional red streaks running throughout; large open wood pores. Soft to medium texture; only moderate shock resistance

Basswood

Creamy white to creamy brown with frequent reddish markings; faint growth rings and broad wood raise which are darker than the background wood. Light weight and moderate stiff; very weak with a low resistance to shock.

Commercial Species of Wood (Outside of the Philippines) Suitable for Furniture

1) Ash

2) Acacia

3) Beech

4) Cedar

5) Cherry

6) Chestnut

7) Eim

8) Maple

9) Oak

10) Pear

11) Walnut

12) Agba

13) Bubinga

14) Mahogany

15) Makore

16) Redwood

17) Rosewood

18) Sapelewood

19) Teak

20) Wengue

21) Black Bean

22) Laurel

23) Satinwood

24) Ebony

25) Tulipwood

Important Properties of Timber

1) Strength

2) Workability

3) Drying Properties

4) Bending Qualities

5) Grain Structure and Figure Pattern

6) Finishing

7) Resistance to Weather and Insect Damage

Common Methods of Drying Wood

1) Natural Drying - air drying or sun drying

2) Klin Drying - artificially dried

Types of Surfaced Wood

S1S - surfaced one side; used for framing

S2S - surfaced two sides; used for framing

S4S - surfaced four sides; often used for parts with exposed sides and carving details

Nominal Size of Lumber

The dimensions of a peice of wood before it is planed down to S1S, S2S, S4S

Board Feet Formula

No. of pieces x Thickness x Width x Length / 12

Actual Size of Lumber

The dimensions of lumber after it has been dressed.

Straight Grain

Fibers running in the same direction as the main axis of the tree

Inter-locked Grain

Grains are in successive layers and in opposite direction

Wavy or Curly Grain

constantly changing in orientation so that a line drawn parallel to their direction appears as wavy lines

Diagonal Grain

when straight grained log is not sawn along its vertical axis

Spiral Grain

When trees grow twisted, spiral grained logs and subsequent boards are produced.

Irregular Grain

Fibers at directions that are varying and irregular from the log's vertical axis

Plain / Tangential or Flat Grain

When wood is cut parallel to the grain direction and tangent to the growth rings.

Quarter or Radial Grain

When board is cut parallel to the grain direction but through the radius of the growth rings

End Grain

When board is cut across the grain (perpendicular to the grain direction and the growth rings)

Methods of Sawing Lumber

1) Plain Sawing - most common method

2) Quarter Sawing - cuts the log in quarters

3) Live Saw - sawing through and through

Knots

Natural wood defects that is an effect of basal stumps of incipient or cast off branches in the living tree

Pin Knots

Small knots 1/2" (12.5mm) or under, often caused by the shedding of early branches.

Spike or Splay Knots

knots sliced through their length during sawing, and commonly known as 'slash' knots.

Encased Knots

Dead knots which are still sound and difficult to dislodge, and often ringed with resin in softwood

Branched Knots

Two or three knots springing from a common center

Shakes

Both the medullary ray and springwood cells of ring-porous hardwoods are weaker than the remainder, and built in tensions are created.

Radial Shakes

the log splits from the plight or heart radially along the medullary rays, usually indicating that the tree has passed its prime.

Frost Shakes

Projects inward from a definite frost rib on the cambium and are, as their name implies, the result of severe weather.

Tangential Shakes

The soft spring wood of the log splits away from the harder summerwood, either during seasoning or through shearing stresses in the growing tree caused by old age, excessive bending under strong winds, intense heat etc.

Cross Shakes

These failures are caused by compression and not by splitting or shearing, while the actual rapture is across the grain and not with it as with all other shakes.

Pitch. Veins, Pitch Pockets, etc.

Sometimes known as resin pockets, they can appear either as thin veins or shallow cavities filled with resin. Usually caused by damage to the cambium layer in resinous woods.

Pitch Flecks

repeated damage to the cambium layer by small insects is often healed over with hark, and may show as small dots or patches of brown cork deeply buried in some woods, notably birch alder and sycamore.

Rind Galls Etc.

Patches of ingrowing bark, probably caused by exterior damage to the growing tree.

Internal Sapwood

Normally the sapwood dies ring by ring, forming heartwood, but on occasions patches of sapwood survive within the heartwood, and show as lighter patches as sometimes seen in Rio rosewood

Burls / Burrs

These are not usually classified as defects as they ay enhance the value of the timber considerably; they are, however, true defects

Callus

Tissue formed over a wound in a tree resulting in unnatural growth incorporated in the normal wood growth

Canker

Caused by fingoid disease

Catface

A partially heated fire scar

Cupping or Rounding

the planks hollows across the width, forming a rounding on the undertake, often due to incorrect pilling

Bowing

The plank is curved like how throughout length

Springing / Crook

Sometimes known as edge bend, the wood remains flat hut bends edgewise on its own plane

Twisting

The plank twists on its longitudinal axis with the result that the long edges are straight, but the diagonals are curved.

Warping, Casting

Synonymous terms for distortion in one or more directions

End Splitting

The butt end of the plank splits open, usually caused by too rapid drying, but some species will always split.

Sun Checking

The wood surface is covered with small splits along the grain caused by too rapid drying in hot sun. Not serious unless the splits penetrate deeply

Flaking

The surface of the wood lifts in innumerable small flakes or layers which spring under the cutting action, preventing a smooth surface

Diagonal Grain

Grain runs obliquely to the longitudinal axis due to incorrect sawing

Case Hardening

If the wood dried too quickly then the surfaces dry out at a rate quicker than the rate of movement of moisture by capillary attraction from the plank

Honeycombing

if the kiln drying of the case hardened timber is continued to dryness then natural shrinkage movement of the moist interior as it dries will he locked in by the rigid outer skin, resulting in severe internal stresses and subsequent checking or disruption of the wood fibres, not visible from the outside

Collapse

The too rapid kiln drying of green timber can result in a flattening of the wood cells, caused by vacuums created by the withdrawal of water to below fiber saturation point at a rate faster than it can he replaced by either air or live stream.

Specifications when Buying Lumber

Indicate no. of pcs., thickness, width, length, total boardfoot, kind of lumber, finish.

Wood Finishes

These are applied to wood for its protection and to enhance grain structure or alter its wood application.