Value Orientations: Nature, Time Perspectives

Man-nature relationship

if its in harmony/cherished

Subjugation

forces of nature are beyond human control

Harmony

balanced relationship w/ nature

Individualism

mindset of owns person; autonomy, independence; hierarchical: individuals insert power

Collectivism

- shared responsibility, loyalty, mutual respect;
- hierarchical aspect: social stability/common good depends on harmony/cooperation

Time Orientation

Orientation, shaped by our history/bonds

Past orientation

countries that focus history; respect for ancestry in events/beliefs; emphasize traditional values

Present orientation

- The past is over, the future is ambiguous and beyond our control

Future orientation

- Importance on change, taking chances, youth, and optimism

Being

now/present orientation, living in the moment

Becoming

more spiritual growth, becoming better, development and growth are emphasized

Doing

future goals/achievements, Accomplishments are measured by external standards

Britain, Italy, China, and Japan, India, Ph

(ex) Past-oriented countries

Mexico, Africa

(ex) Present-oriented countries

USA, Singapore, South Korea

(ex) Future-oriented countries

Collateral, Individual, Authoritarian

enumerate Relationship With Others (CIA)

Authoritarian

some are born to lead, some are born to follow

Collateral

Each has her place; each has an important role to play in society (relationship w/ others)

Individual

Each person should have control over his/her own destiny

Mastery of nature, Subjugation, Harmony with nature

Man-nature relationship/Orientation (MSH)

Mastery of nature

Values technology, change, and science + control/use nature

Subjugation

This cultural orientation believes that the most powerful forces of nature are beyond human control

Harmony

Nature is part of life, not a hostile force to be subdued

outside temperatures, population size, and age

time perception is also affected by…

Past, present, future orientation

3 types time perception

Being, Becoming, Doing

Activity And Motivation Orientation (BBD)

Evil, Good and evil, Good

Human Nature Orientation (EGG)

People cannot be trusted

Evil

Can achieve goodness through hard work, self-control, education, and self-discipline; evil cannot be eliminated

Good and evil

Good

human nature tends towards goodness. Mistakes are seen as a result of circumstances, not inherent flaws.