Animal Nutrition Exam 3

Acidosis

digestive upset characterized by decrease in rumen pH that kills off the good MCOs
caused by: rapid increase in grain in diet, rapid change from forage to concentrate, grazing residue crop, improper ration balancing/management
symptoms: decrease intake, abdominal pain, dehydration, laminitis

Rumination

set of steps that reduce particle size of digesta for passage to lower tract
regurgitation, remastication, back into complex stomach

Eructation

Process of removing gas from the rumen
gas forced up esophagus
gases produced: H2, CO2, Ch4, H2S

Bloat

Caused by the inability of the ruminant to eructate
Signs: froth or foam at mouth, distention of left side
primary cause: legumes (soluble protein)

Colic

Condition caused by compaction of food in the digestive tract of the horse
Symptoms: mild to severe abdominal pain and depression
Other causes: too much or too rapid grain consumption; stoppage of intestinal flow; parasites; gas production; improper husbandry
symptoms: pawing/kicking at belly, abnormal postures, rolling

HCl

Parietal cells

Pepsin(ogen)

Chief cells

Amylase

pancreatic enzyme that breaks down starch

Bile

Liver

Lipase

Pancreas

Tripsin(ogen)

Pancreas

Maltase

Brush border of small intestine

(pro)Carboxypeptidase

pancreas

Sucrase

Brush border of small intestine

Chymotrypsin(ogen)

pancreas

Cellulase

Not produced by cell of GI tract

Lactase

brush border of small intestine

Enterokinase

Brush border of small intestine

Start of cellulose digestion in the pig

Cecum

Start of sucrose digestion in the horse

Small intestine

Start of cellulose digestion in the cow

rumen

Start of starch digestion in the sheep

rumen

Start of cellulose digestion in the horse

cecum

Start of starch digestion in the dog

Small intestine

Start of lactose digestion in the pig

small intestine

Enzyme that is high in concentration in the suckling calf?

Lactase

enzyme that starts starch digestion

amylase

Enzyme that is involved in fiber digestion

cellulase

Enzyme involved in amylopectin digestion but not amylase

Isomaltase

Enzyme that breaks down milk sugar

Lactase

Enzyme found only in the rumen and cecum

cellulase

end product of cellulose digestion in the rumen of the cow

VFA

end product of amylose digestion in the small intestine of the pig

glucose

end product of starch digestion in the cecum of a horse

VFA

end product of cellulose digestion in the small intestine of the sheep

no end product

end product cellulose digestion in the small intestine of a dog

no end product

end product of maltose digestion in the small intestine of the horse

glucose

end product of starch digestion in cecum of the pig

VFA

end product of protein digestion in the small intestine

amino acids

end product of protein digestion in the rumen

MCO protein

end product of protein digestion in the cecum

glucose

end product of cellulose digestion in the small intestine

no end product

end product of starch digestion in the small intestine

glucose

end product of amylose digestion in the rumen

VFA

end product of maltose digestion in the small intestine

glucose

end product of starch digestion in the cecum

amino acids

end product of starch digestion in the rumen

VFA

End product of cellulose digestion in the rumen

glucose

end product of cellulose digestion in the rumen

VFA

Cecum can be a site of

microbial fermentation

Jejunum is the main site of

nutrient absorption

Duodenum is the main site of

digestion

The Ileum is the last chance for

nutrient absorption

What CAN be produced by bacteria in the Cecum that can provide energy

VFAs

which is considered to be glandular?

abomassum

The first place milk goes in a calf

abomassum

The compartment of the ruminant's stomach is considered the pacemaker

reticulum

The compartment of the ruminant's stomach regulates the flow to the abomassum

omassum

Steps of rumination:

regurgitation, remastication, resalivation, reglutition

which organ of the forestomach of ruminants is characterized as many plies?

omassum

which organ of the fore stomach of ruminants is known as the honeycomb?

reticulum

for the cecum, what enzyme results in the breakdown of starch?

microbial amylase

protein digestion starts where in the gastrointestinal tract

stomach

Where would the absorption of glucose occur?

jejunum

Where does fat digestion occur?

duodenum

what is the classification of the horse?

monogastric herbivore

why is microbial digestion in the hind-gut less efficient compared to the ruminant?

passage rate is too fast and occurs past the primary site of absorption

For the rumen, what products of microbial digestion may benefit the ruminant?

VFA, Microbial Protein, and Heat

What would increase of an ionophore was included in the diet?

propionate

What can be used by microorganisms to synthesize microbial protein?

feed protein, amino acids, and C skeletons NH3

Fermentation is more efficient in the ruminant animal because it occurs before the primary site of absorption

true

feeding more concentrate (grain) and adding ionophores to the diet of ruminants will increase efficiency

true

starch digestion starts in the rumen of the ruminant and in the small intestine of the horse

true

horses should be fed in small meals because of their digestive system

true

Function of the rumen

storage, microbial fermentation, absorption of VFA

Which enzyme produced by the abomasum initiates protein digestion

pepsin

What makes the rumen a favorable environment for microbial growth?

pH is buffered, temperature is maintained at 101-103, anaerobic, end-products removed

Which is the primary end product of microbial fermentation from cellulose digestion?

VFA

which is the primary end product of microbial fermentation from starch digestion?

VFA

which is the primary end product of microbial fermentation from protein digestion?

microbial protein

which can be used by microorganisms to synthesize microbial protein?

feed protein, amino acids, urea

which VFA is the most efficient?

propionate

Changing an animal's diet from forage to concentrate would ____ the amount of propionate.

increase

What are sources of protein entering the stomach of the cow?

feed protein, microbial protein, bypass protein

Which of the following enzymes would NOT be produced by the pancreas of the ruminant?

aminopeptidase

process of removing gas from the rumen

eructation

condition caused by compaction of food in the digestive tract of the horse

colic

In the cecum of the horse, what enzyme results in the breakdown of starch?

microbial amylase

Protein digestion starts where in the gastrointestinal tract of the horse?

stomach

Where would the absorption of glucose occur in the gastrointestinal tract of the horse?

jejunum

Where does fat digestion occur in the gastrointestinal tract of the horse?

duodenum

What is the classification of the gastrointestinal tract of the horse?

Monogastric herbivore

What product(s) of microbial digestion can benefit the horse during first pass?

VFA

What is caused by the inability to digest milk sugar?

lactose intolerance

Bloat is characterized by what?

lack of ability to remove gas from rumen

Where does primary absorbance of nutrients occur?

small intestine (duodenum)

Where would microbial digestion occur?

cecum

Where does the start of starch digestion occur in ruminants?

rumen

What enzyme is only found in the rumen and cecum?

cellulose

What is considered the pacemaker for rumen contractions?

Reticulum