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Acidosis
digestive upset characterized by decrease in rumen pH that kills off the good MCOs caused by: rapid increase in grain in diet, rapid change from forage to concentrate, grazing residue crop, improper ration balancing/management symptoms: decrease intake, abdominal pain, dehydration, laminitis
Rumination
set of steps that reduce particle size of digesta for passage to lower tract regurgitation, remastication, back into complex stomach
Eructation
Process of removing gas from the rumen gas forced up esophagus gases produced: H2, CO2, Ch4, H2S
Bloat
Caused by the inability of the ruminant to eructate Signs: froth or foam at mouth, distention of left side primary cause: legumes (soluble protein)
Colic
Condition caused by compaction of food in the digestive tract of the horse Symptoms: mild to severe abdominal pain and depression Other causes: too much or too rapid grain consumption; stoppage of intestinal flow; parasites; gas production; improper husbandry symptoms: pawing/kicking at belly, abnormal postures, rolling
HCl
Parietal cells
Pepsin(ogen)
Chief cells
Amylase
pancreatic enzyme that breaks down starch
Bile
Liver
Lipase
Pancreas
Tripsin(ogen)
Pancreas
Maltase
Brush border of small intestine
(pro)Carboxypeptidase
pancreas
Sucrase
Brush border of small intestine
Chymotrypsin(ogen)
pancreas
Cellulase
Not produced by cell of GI tract
Lactase
brush border of small intestine
Enterokinase
Brush border of small intestine
Start of cellulose digestion in the pig
Cecum
Start of sucrose digestion in the horse
Small intestine
Start of cellulose digestion in the cow
rumen
Start of starch digestion in the sheep
rumen
Start of cellulose digestion in the horse
cecum
Start of starch digestion in the dog
Small intestine
Start of lactose digestion in the pig
small intestine
Enzyme that is high in concentration in the suckling calf?
Lactase
enzyme that starts starch digestion
amylase
Enzyme that is involved in fiber digestion
cellulase
Enzyme involved in amylopectin digestion but not amylase
Isomaltase
Enzyme that breaks down milk sugar
Lactase
Enzyme found only in the rumen and cecum
cellulase
end product of cellulose digestion in the rumen of the cow
VFA
end product of amylose digestion in the small intestine of the pig
glucose
end product of starch digestion in the cecum of a horse
VFA
end product of cellulose digestion in the small intestine of the sheep
no end product
end product cellulose digestion in the small intestine of a dog
no end product
end product of maltose digestion in the small intestine of the horse
glucose
end product of starch digestion in cecum of the pig
VFA
end product of protein digestion in the small intestine
amino acids
end product of protein digestion in the rumen
MCO protein
end product of protein digestion in the cecum
glucose
end product of cellulose digestion in the small intestine
no end product
end product of starch digestion in the small intestine
glucose
end product of amylose digestion in the rumen
VFA
end product of maltose digestion in the small intestine
glucose
end product of starch digestion in the cecum
amino acids
end product of starch digestion in the rumen
VFA
End product of cellulose digestion in the rumen
glucose
end product of cellulose digestion in the rumen
VFA
Cecum can be a site of
microbial fermentation
Jejunum is the main site of
nutrient absorption
Duodenum is the main site of
digestion
The Ileum is the last chance for
nutrient absorption
What CAN be produced by bacteria in the Cecum that can provide energy
VFAs
which is considered to be glandular?
abomassum
The first place milk goes in a calf
abomassum
The compartment of the ruminant's stomach is considered the pacemaker
reticulum
The compartment of the ruminant's stomach regulates the flow to the abomassum
omassum
Steps of rumination:
regurgitation, remastication, resalivation, reglutition
which organ of the forestomach of ruminants is characterized as many plies?
omassum
which organ of the fore stomach of ruminants is known as the honeycomb?
reticulum
for the cecum, what enzyme results in the breakdown of starch?
microbial amylase
protein digestion starts where in the gastrointestinal tract
stomach
Where would the absorption of glucose occur?
jejunum
Where does fat digestion occur?
duodenum
what is the classification of the horse?
monogastric herbivore
why is microbial digestion in the hind-gut less efficient compared to the ruminant?
passage rate is too fast and occurs past the primary site of absorption
For the rumen, what products of microbial digestion may benefit the ruminant?
VFA, Microbial Protein, and Heat
What would increase of an ionophore was included in the diet?
propionate
What can be used by microorganisms to synthesize microbial protein?
feed protein, amino acids, and C skeletons NH3
Fermentation is more efficient in the ruminant animal because it occurs before the primary site of absorption
true
feeding more concentrate (grain) and adding ionophores to the diet of ruminants will increase efficiency
true
starch digestion starts in the rumen of the ruminant and in the small intestine of the horse
true
horses should be fed in small meals because of their digestive system
true
Function of the rumen
storage, microbial fermentation, absorption of VFA
Which enzyme produced by the abomasum initiates protein digestion
pepsin
What makes the rumen a favorable environment for microbial growth?
pH is buffered, temperature is maintained at 101-103, anaerobic, end-products removed
Which is the primary end product of microbial fermentation from cellulose digestion?
VFA
which is the primary end product of microbial fermentation from starch digestion?
VFA
which is the primary end product of microbial fermentation from protein digestion?
microbial protein
which can be used by microorganisms to synthesize microbial protein?
feed protein, amino acids, urea
which VFA is the most efficient?
propionate
Changing an animal's diet from forage to concentrate would ____ the amount of propionate.
increase
What are sources of protein entering the stomach of the cow?
feed protein, microbial protein, bypass protein
Which of the following enzymes would NOT be produced by the pancreas of the ruminant?
aminopeptidase
process of removing gas from the rumen
eructation
condition caused by compaction of food in the digestive tract of the horse
colic
In the cecum of the horse, what enzyme results in the breakdown of starch?
microbial amylase
Protein digestion starts where in the gastrointestinal tract of the horse?
stomach
Where would the absorption of glucose occur in the gastrointestinal tract of the horse?
jejunum
Where does fat digestion occur in the gastrointestinal tract of the horse?
duodenum
What is the classification of the gastrointestinal tract of the horse?
Monogastric herbivore
What product(s) of microbial digestion can benefit the horse during first pass?
VFA
What is caused by the inability to digest milk sugar?
lactose intolerance
Bloat is characterized by what?
lack of ability to remove gas from rumen
Where does primary absorbance of nutrients occur?
small intestine (duodenum)
Where would microbial digestion occur?
cecum
Where does the start of starch digestion occur in ruminants?
rumen
What enzyme is only found in the rumen and cecum?
cellulose
What is considered the pacemaker for rumen contractions?
Reticulum
Note
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