BIOA1H3 F - Module 3: Lecture 06

Proton Gradient

The energy from high-energy electrons in the electron transport chain is transformed into a proton gradient before being used to generate ATP.

Anaerobic Respiration

Respiration that does not require oxygen and only requires the pyruvate produced by glycolysis, producing no ATP.

Fermentation

A process for extracting energy from fueled molecules that does not rely on oxygen or an electron transport chain, but instead uses an organic molecule as an electron acceptor.

Metabolic Integration

The integration of metabolic pathways, allowing control of the energy level of cells.

Glycolysis

The breakdown of glucose into two pyruvate molecules.

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

The production of ATP through the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

The production of ATP through the transfer of electrons from electron carriers to oxygen in the electron transport chain.

Pyruvate Oxidation

The conversion of pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA.

Citric Acid Cycle

A series of chemical reactions that oxidize Acetyl-CoA, producing ATP and electron carriers.

Total ATP

The total amount of ATP produced through substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration.

Fermentation

A process that occurs in the absence of oxygen and uses an electron acceptor to extract energy from pyruvate, producing lactic acid or ethanol.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A type of fermentation where pyruvate is converted to lactic acid, using NAD+ as an electron acceptor.

Ethanol Fermentation

A type of fermentation where pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde and then to ethanol, using NAD+ as an electron acceptor.

Rising Levels of Atmospheric Oxygen

The increase in atmospheric oxygen allowed for the evolution of aerobic respiration, which is more efficient in generating ATP.

Glucose Storage

The storage of glucose as glycogen in humans and as starch in plants.

Glycogen

A storage form of glucose found in muscle cells and liver cells.

Disaccharides

Two sugar molecules, such as lactose, maltose, and sucrose, that can contribute to glycolysis.

Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules, such as galactose, fructose, and mannose, that can contribute to glycolysis.

Polysaccharides

Large chains of sugar molecules, such as starch and cellulose, that can contribute to glycolysis.

Ruminants and Microbes

Ruminants, like cows, rely on microbes in their ruminants to break down and digest plants.

Evolution of the Mitochondria

The symbiotic development of mitochondria likely occurred before the divergence of all known eukaryotes.

Hydrogenosomes in Anaerobic Fungi

Mitochondrial homologs found in some anaerobic microbial eukaryotes that produce hydrogen gas.

Regulation of Cellular Respiration

The concentration of substrates and products can regulate the respiratory pathways in the cell.