MSD Test 1

How many types of dysarthria are there?
a. 2
b. 7
c. 6
d. 5

b. 7

How many types of apraxia are there?
a. 2
b. 7
c. 1
d. 5

c. 1

Impaired production of speech due to disturbances in muscular control of speech mechanism. Means "disordered utterance."
a. apraxia
b. dysarthria

b. dysarthria

True or False: Dysarthria can affect articulation, respiration, prosody, resonance, and phonation

True

Deficit in the ability to smoothly sequence the speech-producing movements of the tongue, lips, jaw, and other parts of the speech mechanism. "Absence of performance of action."
a. apraxia
d. dysarthria

a. apraxia

Primarily affects articulation and prosody (sequential motor planning issue)
a. apraxia
b. dysarthria

a. apraxia

Occurs frequently when left hemisphere of brain is damaged (e.g., Broca's area)
a. apraxia
b. dysarthria

a. apraxia

Provided first description of expressive aphasia and noted patients had lesions in L frontal lobe (around 3rd frontal convolution)
a. Carl Wernicke
b. Paul Broca
c. Liepmann
d. Darley

b. Paul Broca

First accurately described apraxia of speech in 1900
a. Carl Wernicke
b. Paul Broca
c. Liepmann
d. Darley

c. Liepmann

Identified temporal lobe as site of speech and language comprehension and their connections (e.g., conduction aphasia from lesion of the arcuate fasciculus); described nonverbal oral apraxia in 1906
a. Carl Wernicke
b. Paul Broca
c. Liepmann
d. Darley

a. Carl Wernicke

Described and classified motor speech disorders in a more standardized way in 1969
a. Carl Wernicke
b. Paul Broca
c. Liepmann
d. Darley

d. Darley

Nonverbal oral apraxia often co-occurs with apraxia of speech. \_________________ noted that patients could not protrude their tongue upon commands, puff out their cheeks, etc.
a. Carl Wernicke
b. Paul Broca
c. Liepmann
d. Darley

a. Carl Wernicke

What is nonverbal oral apraxia?
a. apraxia associated with speech production
b. issues with other functions of your mouth not associated with speech

issues with other functions of your mouth.....e.g., eating, brushing teeth, etc.

The \________________ provides the anatomic and physiologic basis for communication. It forms our primary biological interface with our environment, receives and processes info from environment, and, in turn, responds to that info by generating behavior.
a. nervous system
b. CNS
c. PNS

a. nervous system

True or False: Localization of function as a concept is controversial (e.g., crossed-brained individuals, diffuse TBI individuals)

True

With this population, do we focus more on restitutive or compensatory techniques?
a. restitutive
b. compensatory

compensatory - these individuals typically will not get better

Divides the brain into left & right halves along the midline (i.e., along the longitudinal fissure)
a. midsagittal
b. sagittal

a. midsagittal

Divides the brain into left and right sections that are not necessarily equal (not necessarily in the middle)
a. midsagittal
b. sagittal

b. sagittal

Divides front from back
a. midsagittal
b. sagittal
c. coronal
d. horizontal/transverse

c. coronal

Divides top from bottom
a. midsagittal
b. sagittal
c. coronal
d. horizontal/transverse

d. horizontal/transverse

Body face down
a. pronate
b. supinate

a. pronate

Body face up
a. pronate
b. supinate

b. supinate

Evolve over minutes to hours
a. acute
b. subacute
c. chronic

a. acute

Evolve over days to weeks
a. acute
b. subacute
c. chronic

b. subacute

Develop or continue over a long term
a. acute
b. subacute
c. chronic

c. chronic

True or False: the motor system consists of parts of the nervous system that control involuntary movement

False: control VOLUNTARY movement

Brain + spinal cord
a. CNS
b. PNS

a. CNS

Cranial nerves + spinal nerves
a. CNS
b. PNS

b. PNS

Cranial nerves consist of
a. nuclei in brainstem (and most important for speech)
b. nuclei in spinal cord

a. nuclei in brainstem

Spinal nerves consist of
a. nuclei in brainstem (and most important for speech)
b. nuclei in spinal cord

b. nuclei in spinal cord

The PNS divides into
a. somatic + autonomic nerves
b. afferent and efferent fibers
c. all of the above

c. all of the above

Carry sensorimotor info to & from the skeletal muscles of the "voluntary system."
a. somatic
b. autonomic
c. efferent
d. afferent

a. somatic

Also the visceral, involuntary, vegetative NS: Controls involuntary functions (e.g.. digestion, blood pressure, temperature regulation).
a. somatic
b. autonomic
c. efferent
d. afferent

b. autonomic

Carry info from periphery to more central structures
a. somatic
b. autonomic
c. efferent
d. afferent

d. afferent

Carry info from central structures to periphery
a. somatic
b. autonomic
c. efferent
d. afferent

c. efferent

Problem-solving, decision-making, attention, execution of a plan, planning, behavior, personality, cognition, speech (motor)
a. frontal lobe
b. parietal lobe
c. temporal lobe
d. occipital lobe

a. frontal lobe

Hearing, memory, auditory comprehension
a. frontal lobe
b. parietal lobe
c. temporal lobe
d. occipital lobe

c. temporal lobe

Sensory processing (temperature, texture, taste, smell, etc.) and differentiating left and right
a. frontal lobe
b. parietal lobe
c. temporal lobe
d. occipital lobe

b. parietal lobe

Vision, putting understanding to things you see
a. frontal lobe
b. parietal lobe
c. temporal lobe
d. occipital lobe

d. occipital lobe

What splits the brain into two hemispheres?
a. longitudinal fissure
b. lateral fissure (Sylvian fissure)
c. central sulcus

a. longitudinal fissure

Splits head in half from top to bottom- separates temporal and frontal lobe
a. lateral sulcus
b. central sulcus
c. precentral gyrus
d. postcentral gyrus

a. lateral sulcus

Like a headband- separates frontal and parietal
a. lateral sulcus
b. central sulcus
c. precentral gyrus
d. postcentral gyrus

b. central sulcus

Primary motor cortex, motor strip
a. lateral sulcus
b. central sulcus
c. precentral gyrus
d. postcentral gyrus

precentral gyrus

Primary sensory cortex, sensory strip
a. lateral sulcus
b. central sulcus
c. precentral gyrus
d. postcentral gyrus

postcentral gyrus

Which of the following describe the cerebral cortex?
a. Vital part of nervous system
b. Often described as "gray matter" of brain
c. Performs higher cognitive activities (Language, motor planning, problem solving, sensory perception)
d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which lobe of the brain can be described as the "MOTOR cortex and most associated with high-level abstract thinking?"
a. frontal lobe
b. parietal lobe
c. occipital lobe
d. temporal lobe

a. frontal lobe

Which lobe of the brain houses the precentral gyrus, premotor cortex, and prefrontal cortex?
a. frontal lobe
b. parietal lobe
c. occipital lobe
d. temporal lobe

a. frontal lobe

Which of the following describes the precentral gyrus?
a. primary motor strip; initiates movement
b. planning and coordinating skilled movements
c. cognitive functioning (reasoning, abstract thinking, self-monitoring, advance planning)
d. Lesion here produces contralateral paralysis
e. both a and d

e. both a and d

Which of the following describes the premotor cortex?
a. primary motor strip; initiates movement
b. planning and coordinating skilled movements
c. cognitive functioning (reasoning, abstract thinking, self-monitoring, advance planning)

b. planning and coordinating skilled movements

Which of the following describes the prefrontal cortex?
a. primary motor strip; initiates movement
b. planning and coordinating skilled movements
c. cognitive functioning (reasoning, abstract thinking, self-monitoring, advance planning)

c. cognitive functioning (reasoning, abstract thinking, self-monitoring, advance planning)

Lesions here produce behaviors that are impulsive, uninhibited, confused, apathetic, suggest lack of awareness of social expectations, consequences of behavior, inability to see cause and effect, inability to plan future, inability to self-regulate behavior.
a. precentral gyrus
b. premotor cortex
c. prefrontal cortex

c. prefrontal cortex

SENSORY cortex for touch, temperature, and sensory functions other than hearing and vision. Important for perceptual synthesis, spatial orientation, cross-modality integration, memory, cognition
a. frontal lobe
b. parietal lobe
c. occipital lobe
d. temporal lobe

b. parietal lobe

Which of the following lobes of the brain houses the post-central gyrus, sensory association area, supra-marginal gyrus, and angular gyrus?
a. frontal lobe
b. parietal lobe
c. occipital lobe
d. temporal lobe

b. parietal lobe

Primary sensory cortex
a. post-central gyrus
b. sensory association area
c. supra-marginal gyrus
d. angular gyrus

a. post-central gyrus

Sensations labeled, elaborated
a. post-central gyrus
b. sensory association area
c. supra-marginal gyrus
d. angular gyrus

b. sensory association area

Right at posterior end of lateral fissure. Lesions produce tactile and proprioceptive agnosia (agnosia: sensory disorder; it often takes the form of the inability to recognize or name a shape, image or sound)
a. post-central gyrus
b. sensory association area
c. supra-marginal gyrus
d. angular gyrus

c. supra-marginal gyrus

Near intersection of parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. Lesions here produce alexia (inability to read), agraphia (inability to write), or acalculia (inability to calculate)
a. post-central gyrus
b. sensory association area
c. supra-marginal gyrus
d. angular gyrus

d. angular gyrus

Which of the following lobes of the brain is bounded superiorly by lateral fissure?
a. frontal lobe
b. parietal lobe
c. occipital lobe
d. temporal lobe

d. temporal lobe

Which of the following lobes of the brain contains Heschl's gyrus and Wernicke's area?
a. frontal lobe
b. parietal lobe
c. occipital lobe
d. temporal lobe

d. temporal lobe

Within the lateral fissure. Primary auditory cortex. Each side receives projections from both ears (just because you have an infarct on one side, does not mean you will lose hearing on that side)
a. Heschl's gyrus
b. Wernicke's area

a. Heschl's gyrus

Posterior section of superior temporal gyrus of language dominant hemisphere (usually left). Language association cortex, responsible for interpretation of speech sounds.
a. Heschl's gyrus
b. Wernicke's area

b. Wernicke's area

Which lobe of the brain includes "damage to primary visual cortex results in blindness from contralateral eye and damage to secondary cortex produces visual agnosia"?
a. frontal lobe
b. parietal lobe
c. occipital lobe
d. temporal lobe

c. occipital lobe

Means "bridge." Connects cerebellar hemispheres. Anterior to cerebellum. Contains many fiber tracts connecting cerebellum to cortex, as well as connections between cerebellum and periphery. Thus, damage here can cause multitudes of sensory and motor problems. Lesions tend to produce symptoms similar to lesions of cerebellum. Contains CN nuclei V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), VII (facial), VIII (acoustic).
a. midbrain
b. pons
c. medulla

b. pons

Caudal most brainstem. Note pyramids, ventral bulges containing the pyramidal fiber tracts. (Pyramidal fiber tracts are motor nerve tracts that run from the cortex to the brainstem and spinal cord and carry signals which initiate muscle contraction). Medulla is primary level of decussation of pyramidal fiber tracts, thus the level of "motor decussation." Thus: damage to motor structures (fibers or nuclei) above this level produces CONTRA-lateral motor problems in limbs; damage below this level produces IPSI-lateral motor deficits.
a. midbrain
b. pons
c. medulla

c. medulla

True or False: The most important part of the brainstem is that it contains cranial nerve nuclei as well as both sensory and motor fiber tracts, most of which decussate here (cross from one side of the body to the other)

True

Above level of decussation
a. contralateral issue (opposite side issue)
b. ipsilateral issue (same side issue)

a. contralateral issue (opposite side issue)

Below level of decussation
a. contralateral issue (opposite side issue)
b. ipsilateral issue (same side issue)

b. ipsilateral issue (same side issue)

Contains neural connections related to vision, audition, and vestibular system (balance). Contains nuclei of CN III (occulomotor) and CN IV (trochlear), which control eye movement
a. midbrain
b. pons
c. medulla

a. midbrain

True or False: Spinal nerves have a domino effect: if one is impacted, then those that follow are also affected

True

True or False: Cranial nerves do not have a domino effect: if one is impacted, that does not necessarily mean that the other ones will be impacted too (depends on how big of a tumor or how bad the shearing/tearing of cranial nerves are to see if it impacts more than one of them)

True

Which have a domino effect?
a. cranial nerves
b. spinal nerves

spinal nerves

True or False: The brain controls certain integrative and reflexive actions (respiration, consciousness)

False; the BRAINSTEM controls certain integrative and reflexive actions (respiration, consciousness)

Conveys motor impulses from CNS to muscles of larynx, face, tongue, pharynx, and velum
a. brain
b. brainstem

b. brainstem

Coordinates voluntary movements so muscles contract with correct amount of force and at appropriate times
a. brain
b. brainstem
c. cerebellum
d. CNS

c. cerebellum

Makes neural connections with cerebral cortex and many other parts of CNS
a. brain
b. brainstem
c. cerebellum

c. cerebellum

True or False: The cerebellum initiates movement

False; the frontal lobe initiates movement. The cerebellum coordinates movements, maintains equilibrium, and helps maintain orientation of body in space by modifying cortical motor functions. Also helps control muscle tone, especially in postural muscles. It controls range of movement and damping of movement

Coordinates movements, and maintains equilibrium, helps maintain orientation of body in space, by modifying cortical motor functions. Also helps control muscle tone, especially in postural muscles. It controls range of movement and damping of movement
a. brain
b. brainstem
c. cerebellum

c. cerebellum

Damage to this area typically results in slurred speech with balance issues and posture issues
a. brain
b. brainstem
c. cerebellum

c. cerebellum

One of the three parts of a neuron; short processes that extend from the cell body; they receive (afferent) electrochemical impulses from other neurons or sensory organs.
a. cell body
b. axon
c. dendrites

c. dendrites

The single long extension from the cell body; it transfers (efferent) the impulses to muscles, glands, or other neurons.
a. cell body
b. axon
c. dendrites

b. axon

Which of the following are types of neurons?
a. Motor neurons
b. Sensory neurons
c. Interneurons
d. Efferent neurons
e. Afferent neurons
f. all of the above

f. all of the above

How are neurons categorized?
a. shape
b. size
c. function
d. location
e. both shape and size

e. both shape and size

Transmit neural impulses that cause contractions in muscles causing movement
a. motor neurons
b. sensory neurons
c. interneurons
d. efferent neurons
e. afferent neurons

a. motor neurons

Carryover information related to sensory stimuli
a. motor neurons
b. sensory neurons
c. interneurons
d. efferent neurons
e. afferent neurons

b. sensory neurons

Link neurons with other neurons (most common)
a. motor neurons
b. sensory neurons
c. interneurons
d. efferent neurons
e. afferent neurons

c. interneurons

Transmit impulses away from the CNS (generally motor)
a. motor neurons
b. sensory neurons
c. interneurons
d. efferent neurons
e. afferent neurons

d. efferent neurons

Transmit impulses toward the CNS (generally sensory)
a. motor neurons
b. sensory neurons
c. interneurons
d. efferent neurons
e. afferent neurons

e. afferent neurons

Other cells in the nervous system are called \_____________ (help provide nutrients to nerve cells, build myelin, remove dead cells, and provide connective tissue).
a. neurons
b. glial cells
c. neurotransmitters
d. ur mom

b. glial cells

Which type of glial cells provide myelin sheath around axons in the PNS?
a. Schwann cells
b. Microglia
c. Oligodendroglia
d. Astrocytes

a. Schwann cells

Which type of glial cells remove dead cells and other waste?
a. Schwann cells
b. Microglia
c. Oligodendroglia
d. Astrocytes

b. Microglia

Which type of glial cells form myelin sheath around axons in the CNS?
a. Schwann cells
b. Microglia
c. Oligodendroglia
d. Astrocytes

c. Oligodendroglia

Which type of glial cells make the connective tissue of the CNS?
a. Schwann cells
b. Microglia
c. Oligodendroglia
d. Astrocytes

d. Astrocytes

Excitatory neurotransmitters
a. increase the probability of a impulse being stimulated by the adjoining neuron
b. decrease the probability of an impulse being stimulated by the adjoining neuron

a. increase the probability of a impulse being stimulated by the adjoining neuron

Inhibitory neurotransmitters
a. increase the probability of a impulse being stimulated by the adjoining neuron
b. decrease the probability of an impulse being stimulated by the adjoining neuron

b. decrease the probability of an impulse being stimulated by the adjoining neuron

An example of imbalance in excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmitters is:
a. flaccidity
b. spasticity
c. rigidity
d. Parkinson's disease

b. spasticity

Too many excitatory neurotransmitters results in:
a. flaccidity
b. spasticity
c. rigidity
d. Parkinson's disease

b. spasticity

Too many inhibitory neurotransmitters
a. flaccidity
b. spasticity
c. rigidity
d. Parkinson's disease

d. Parkinson's disease

Bundles of axons found in the CNS
a. tracts
b. nerves
c. neurotransmitters

a. tracts

Bundles of axons found in the PNS (aka cranial nerves and spinal nerves)
a. tracts
b. nerves
c. neurotransmitters

b. nerves

Small substance released at end points once charge reaches axon's terminal ramifications
a. tracts
b. nerves
c. neurotransmitters

c. neurotransmitters