Untitled

Age of Exploration

* Spain and Portugal began this
* searching for a route to join Indian Ocean Trade Network
* large-scale exploration
* inspired by 3G’s (Gold, God, Glory)

How? Age of Exploration

* lateen sails, stern-post rudder, caravel
* understanding of wind patterns
* compass, astrolabe, portolan maps
* royal patronage, joint stock investment
* guns and cannons

Consequences of Exploration

* Columbian Exchange
* Mercantilism
* Encomiendas System
* Middle Passage
* Triangular Trade System

Spain

* focused on conquering Americas, Caribbean, and Pacific Colonies/ Asia
* vast silver mining
* most powerful European state until 30 years war

Portugal

* focused on setting up trade posts in Africa and Southeast

Treaty of Tordesillas/ Line of Demarcation

* made by the Pope
* prevented war between Spain and Portugal
* named North and South America → Spain
* named Asia, Europe, India, Africa, and Australia → Portugal

Columbian Exchange

* to the NEW WORLD (Americas); cattle, horses, pigs, smallpox, measles, rice, wheat
* Impact on NEW WORLD; massive population loss due to spread of disease, oppression due to plantations, mines, and slavery
* to the OLD WORLD (Europe); tomatoes, potatoes, corn, tobacco, turkey, syphilis,
* Impact on OLD WORLD; massive population growth, vast amounts of wealth, trade with foreign nations, Atlantic states had power NOT Italian states

England, France, Netherlands

* started colonies in North America, Caribbean, and Dutch established a colony in Indonesia
* Spain, Portugal, England, France, Netherlands dominated world trade for next two centuries
* competed for colonies and resources throughout the world
* MERCANTILISM

Mercantilism

* to benefit the country that owns the colony
* increase exports/ decrease imports
* new systems of banking and loans → more investment
* expanded joint-stock investment → more invests in explorations
* new companies; Charter Companies= British East India Company and Dutch East Indies
* settlements in new world

Treatment of Natives

* Catholic explorers motivated to convert natives; missionary work, some by force
* those working for colonial rulers were required to practice Christianity/ hide their beliefs
* viewed natives as barbaric/inferior and in need of civilizing/enlightenment
* some explorers opposed treatment of natives (Bartolome de las Casas)

Syncretism

* the combination of traditional beliefs and viewpoints with Christianity
* native americans used this during the encomiendas system

Encomiendas System

* haciendas
* used for natives in early colonies
* mines and plantations
* similar to slavery

Middle Passage

* endured by Africans
* Atlantic Slave Trade
* cruel, forced voyage of enslaved Africans across Atlantic Ocean to the New World (Americas)
* apart of Triangular Trade System

Triangular Trade System

* trade between New World (Americas), Europe, and Africa
* Atlantic Slave Trade
* slaves were often sent through this system

Price Revolution

* new world goods & silver
* drastic increase in goods, money, and prices
* massive flow of Spanish Silver and American goods into Europe
* provided Europeans with plenty of cash from silver and trade
* drove prices of goods up from insufficient farming
* land owners became richer

The Enclosure Movement

* fences were built
* organization of land
* no more trespassing/ occupying an unoccupied area
* peasants who remained were used in a more organized manner to plant and harvest crops

Commercialization

* Enclosure Movement= beginning
* harvesting and selling crops for profit
* new economic ideas; printed money, banks, loans, credit (from Italy)

Prince Henry the Navigator

* started the first school of Navigation
* Portuguese

Bartholomew Dias

* first to sail to the tip of Africa
* discovered Cape of Good Hope
* Spanish

Vasco de Gama

* first to find all water route to Asia
* Portuguese

Christopher Columbus

* first to sail west from Europe
* sailed for Spain

Ferdinand Magellan

* first crew to circumnavigate the Globe
* sailed for Spain