UTILITIES 2 (PLUMBING 1.2)

Pressure Pipe

• Delivers supply water under pressure.

• Smaller diameter, thicker walls, leak-proof joints.

• Resistant to water chemicals/minerals.

Drain, Waste, Vent (DWV) Pipe

• Removes waste/soil water by gravity.

• Larger diameter, thinner walls, looser joints.

• Resistant to household chemicals.

Metallic Pipes

Made from steel, copper, cast iron, stainless steel, etc.

Strong, durable, high heat resistance.

Used in high-pressure and high-temperature applications.

Non-metallic Pipes

PVC, CPVC, PE, PEX, clay, concrete.

Corrosion-resistant, lightweight, easy to install.

Thermoplastic Pipes

Subset of non-metallic.

Softens when heated, hardens when cooled.

Includes PVC, CPVC, PE, PEX.

Steel

Strong, durable; welded or threaded connections

Copper

Corrosion-resistant, easy to join, long life

Wrought Iron

STD, XS, XXS weight Classes Water, steam

Galvanized Iron

Zinc-coated iron, water corrosion resistance

Stainless Steel

High corrosion resistance, smooth bore

PVC (polyvinyl chloride)

Lightweight, corrosion- resistant, low cost Cold water, drainage

CPVC (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride)

Higher temperature resistance than PVC

PE (polyethylene)

Flexible, impact-resistant Irrigation, gas systems

PEX (cross-linked polyethylene)

Flexible, cross-linked PE

Clay

Brittle, long-lasting Sewer lines

Concrete

Heavy-duty, large diameter

Composite Pipes

Aluminum core + thermoplastic layers.
3/8′′–1′′ diameter, coils 100–1000 ft.

PE-AL-PE

Composite Pipes

For cold water, compressed air.

Pressure: 200 psi @ 73 °F, 160 psi @ 140 °F.

PEX-AL-PEX

Composite Pipes

For hot & cold water, radiant heating.

Pressure: 125 psi @ 180 °F.

Higher cost, better heat resistance.

Composite Pipes

Much lighter than steel, but stronger than plain plastic pipes.

Easier to transport and install.

Clay

Vitrified, long-lasting, brittle.

Used in gravity sewer systems.

Concrete

Cast or reinforced.

Used in large-scale drainage.

Strong but heavy and harder to install.

Pipe Fittings

Components used to connect pipe sections, change direction, branch flow, or adapt sizes.

Elbow

Change flow direction (45°, 90°)

Tee

Branch flow into two directions

Wye (Y)

Branch flow at 45° angle for smoother flow

Cross

Connect four pipes at right angles

Reducer

Connect pipes of different diameters

Coupling

Join two same-size pipes

Union

Allow easy disassembly

Flange

Bolt connection for pipes

Cap/Plug

Close pipe end

Adapter

Connect different types of pipes (e.g.,

threaded to slip)

Bushing Reduce

pipe size in a threaded connection

Valve (e.g., gate, ball, check)

Control or stop flow

Water Closets

Indoor receptacle for human waste

Flush Tank (gravity-fed)

– requires tank refill before next flush.

Flush Valve

– direct water supply; higher pressure required.

Dual Flush

– 1.6 gal (solid waste) or 0.8 gal (liquid waste).

Mounting

-mounted (easier cleaning, common in public restrooms).

Urinals

Sanitary fixture for urination, mainly in public/commercial restrooms.

Bidets

Personal cleansing fixture, common in Europe, Asia, luxury bathrooms.

Bathtubs and Showers

are plumbing fixtures

used for bathing.

showerhead

is an overhead nozzle that sprays water down on the bather

handshower

is a showerhead attached to the end of a flexible hose, which the bather can hold during bathing or showering

Lavatories

Handwashing, personal grooming.

Sinks

Cleaning and water disposal

Kitchen Sinks

Used for washing dishes and utensils, food preparation, etc.

Gate Valve

Valve

Full open/close

Globe Valve

Valve

Throttle flow

Ball Valve

Valve

Quick open/close

Butterfly Valve

Valve

Rotate disc to open/close

Check Valve

Valve

Prevent backflow

Pressure Relief Valve

Valve

Release excess pressure

Needle Valve

Valve

Fine flow control

Safety Valve

Valve

Release excess pressure automatically

Threaded

Joining Methods

Screw-type connection using male & female threads

Welded

Joining Methods

Fusion of metal edges by heat

Soldered

Joining Methods

Melted filler metal bonds joint

Brazed

Joining Methods

High-temp soldering (>450°C)

Solvent Cemented

Joining Methods

Chemical fusing of surfaces

Compression

Joining Methods

Nut & ferrule compress onto pipe

Groove Joint

Joining Methods

Coupler with gasket fits over grooved pipe ends

Flanged

Joining Methods

Bolted with gasket

Push-Fit

Joining Methods

O-rings grip & seal