UNIT 5.1-5.2 AP World History Modern

What is the main focus of Unit 5 in AP World History: Modern?

The causes and effects of political revolutions and nationalist movements from c. 1750–1900.

What is the Enlightenment?

An intellectual movement emphasizing reason, science, and individual rights.

What ideas challenged traditional authority during the Enlightenment?

Natural rights, popular sovereignty, and social contracts.

Who was John Locke?

An Enlightenment thinker who argued people are born with natural rights.

What are natural rights?

Rights to life, liberty, and property.

Who was Jean-Jacques Rousseau?

A philosopher who argued that government should reflect the general will.

What is the social contract?

An agreement between people and their government.

Who was Montesquieu?

A philosopher who advocated separation of powers.

What is separation of powers?

Dividing government authority among branches to prevent tyranny.

Who was Voltaire?

An Enlightenment thinker who supported freedom of speech and religion.

How did Enlightenment ideas spread?

Through books, salons, and printing.

What was nationalism?

A belief that people with shared culture, language, or history should form a nation.

How did nationalism challenge empires?

It encouraged independence movements.

What was the American Revolution?

A colonial revolt against British rule inspired by Enlightenment ideas.

What document declared American independence?

The Declaration of Independence.

What Enlightenment ideas influenced the Declaration of Independence?

Natural rights and popular sovereignty.

What was the French Revolution?

A revolution that overthrew the monarchy and established a republic.

What social group led the early French Revolution?

The Third Estate.

What document expressed revolutionary ideals in France?

The Declaration of the Rights of Man.

What was the Estates-General?

A representative assembly in France.

What was the Reign of Terror?

A period of mass executions led by Robespierre.

Who was Napoleon Bonaparte?

A military leader who rose to power after the French Revolution.

How did Napoleon spread revolutionary ideals?

Through conquest and legal reforms.

What was the Napoleonic Code?

A legal system that emphasized equality before the law.

How did the French Revolution impact Europe?

It inspired nationalist and liberal movements.

What was the Haitian Revolution?

A successful slave revolt against French rule.

Who led the Haitian Revolution?

Toussaint L’Ouverture.

Why was the Haitian Revolution significant?

It created the first independent Black republic.

How did the Haitian Revolution influence slavery?

It increased fear of slave revolts and challenged slavery.

What was the Latin American Revolution?

A series of independence movements against European rule.

Who was Simón Bolívar?

A leader of Latin American independence.

Who was José de San Martín?

A military leader in South American independence.

What role did nationalism play in Latin American revolutions?

It motivated independence from colonial rule.

What social groups benefited most from Latin American revolutions?

Creoles.

What role did women play in revolutions?

They participated but gained limited rights.

What was a major continuity after revolutions?

Social hierarchies often remained.

What was a major change caused by revolutions?

The spread of republican governments.

What role did the printing press play in revolutions?

It spread revolutionary ideas quickly.

What is liberalism?

A political ideology emphasizing individual freedoms and limited government.

How did revolutions affect monarchies?

Many were weakened or overthrown.

What was a common cause of revolutions?

Economic inequality and political exclusion.

What was a common effect of revolutions?

The rise of nationalism and new nation-states.