History Midterm

Trojan War

\--a military conflict around 1250 B.C. between Mycenae and Troy

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\--a rich trading city in present day Turkey--described in Homer's epic poems the Iliad and Odyssey

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\--the literary start of the war was that Paris--the Trojan prince--kidnaps Helen, the wife of the Greek king

oligarchy

\--government in which ruling power belongs to only a few people

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\--it replaced aristocracy

phalanx

\--a tactical formation of heavily armed foot soldiers

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\--soldiers would stand in lines with spears in their hands and shields, with the spears facing the enemy team

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\--the more important/better fighters would usually be put in the back

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\--everyone fought together so it reduced class differences

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\--it made Athens and Sparta develop in very different parts of life

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\--created by Sparta

Sparta

\--city-state in Ancient Greece settled by the Dorians and built as a military state

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\--spend their life training for military

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\--women are expected to produce healthy sons, had to obey the men, could inherit property due to the men being at war

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\--you're a citizen if you descended from the Dorians

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\--had nothing but military, willing to die for their city because they had nothing to live for

Athens

\--a city-state in ancient Greece that evolved from a monarchy to a limited direct democracy and became famous for its great cultural achievements

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\--led the Delian league which was held in Delos

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\--had to serve in jury's

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\--women had very little rights

Thucydides

--wrote about the Peloponnesian War and was fair to both sides even though he was an Athenian

Philosophy

\--study of questions about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language.

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\--Some of the questions are posed as problems.

Persian Wars

\--three wars that happened:

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\--The Greeks won overall.

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\--They’re important because creation of Delian League, which moves to Athens creating an empire which angers the Spartans and causes the Peloponnesian War

Alexander the Great

\--king of Macedon

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\--killed lots of people, wasn't a good guy.

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\--Named countless places after him and conquered most of the world

Socrates

--philosopher, created Socratic method, taught Plato

Herodotus

\--wrote about the Persian Wars

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\--often called the father of history because he went around and got information from people who remembered the events that happened

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\--He did have bias though.

Aristocracy

\--government headed by a privileged minority or upper class.

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\--the type of government that came after the monarchy

Solon

\--was a wise and trusted leader

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\--made many reforms: outlawed debt slavery, opened high office to more citizens, granted citizenship to some foreigners, gave assembly more say in decisions.

Aristotle

\--Believes that rule is best with a singular strong and virtuous leader

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\--made "golden mean", a good conduct.

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\--Lyceum is his school for all branches of knowledge(politics, ethics, logic, biology, literature, and more)

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\--Many of the European universities based their courses on Aristotle's teachings

Pericles

\--politician during golden age of Athens

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\--led a direct democracy

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\--Thucydides recorded a speech he made at a funeral for the Athenians slain in battle where he praised the government

Religion in Greece

\--believed in many gods who lived on Mt. Olympus, they were honored by building temples and more

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\--some thinkers believed the gods didn't make the universe.

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\--Myths and legends were a main part.

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\--Honored Zeus in the Olympic games every 4 years.

Geography of Greece

\--part of the Balkan peninsula and there are mountains everywhere.

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\--This led to them splitting into many city states.

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\--They used the Mediterranean and Aegan seas a lot

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\--traded to get food because land was too rocky to farm

republic

--a system of government where the officials are chosen by the people/citizens

decline of roman republic

\--after the Gracchus brothers were murdered, a lot of civil wars happened in Rome

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\--there were a lot of issues because everyone questioned who should hold power in Rome

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\--Uprisings of enslaved people at homes

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\--Revolts against allies of Rome

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\--The old legions of Roman citizen-soldiers became professional armies

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\--When rival commanders had their own armies, they were able to march into Rome, advance their ambitions and eventually this led to Rome's overthrow

Gracchus Brothers

--2 plebeian brothers, Tiberius and Gaius

Tiberius Gracchus

\--163 B.C. - 133 B.C.

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\--Elected a tribune in 133 B.C. and attempted reform

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\--Called on the state to distribute land to poor farmers

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\--Killed by Roman senators' hired thugs because they saw him and his brother as a threat to the senates' power

Gaius Gracchus

\--154 B.C. - 121 B.C.

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\--Elected a tribune 10 years after his brother was elected

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\--He sought a wider range of reforms, such as the use of public funds to buy grain to feed the poor

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\--Like his brothers' his reforms angered the senates, so along with his brother, he was killed by Roman senates' hired thugs because he was seen as a threat to their power

tribune

--an official that's elected by the plebeians to protect their rights

legion

--a basic unit of the ancient Roman army, made up of about 5,000 soldiers

consul

--an official from the patrician class that supervised the government and commanded the armies

Punic Wars

--3 wars between Rome and Carthage between 264 B.C. - 146 B.C.

First Punic War

--Rome defeated Carthage and won the islands of Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia

Second Punic War

\--for 15 years, Hannibal and his army moved across Italy and won battle after battle

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\--When he returned to defend his homeland, the Romans outsmarted him, and his army and Rome defeated Carthage once again

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\--Carthage had to give up all its land that was outside of Africa and pay a huge tax to Rome

Third Punic War

\--Rome destroyed the whole 700-year-old city of Carthage

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\--Carthage and the region surrounding it then became the new Roman territory of Africa

12 tables

\--earliest Roman code of laws

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\--The laws were all sorted into different categories depending on what they talked about

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\--Some of these tables are "Paternal Power" (table 4), "Inheritance and Guardianship" (table 5), "Torts or Delicts" (table 8), "Public Law" (table 9), "Supplementary Laws" (table 11)

religion in Rome

\--adopted many of the Greeks practices

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\--Monotheistic, gods resembled Etruscan and Greeks gods, ex.= Zeus and Jupiter, Hera and Juno, Poseidon and Neptune, Mars= god of war

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\--Most of them went to the feasts and celebrations occurred to honor the gods/goddesses

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\--Rituals were held at statues in the temples to worship the gods and ask for assistance

diplomacy

--The activity/profession of managing international relations, usually by a country's representatives

dictator

--A ruler who has complete control over a government

senate

\--The most powerful government body in the early republic

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\--At first, its 300 members were all patricians

patrician

--A member of the land-holding upper class

plebeian

--A member of the class that included farmers, merchants, artisans, and traders

geography of Rome

\--Italy is a peninsula that juts into the Mediterranean Sea, and the city of Rome sits in the center of it, and this geography would eventually benefit the Romans as they expanded

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\--The Apennine Mountains run down the length of the Italian peninsula

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\--Italy also had broad, fertile plains in the north and the west, and these plains supported the growing population

Julius Caesar

\--100 B.C. - 44 B.C.

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\--Roman general, a Master of Political maneuvers, and a reformist

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\--Advocated for the reorganization of Rome's government

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\--Became dictator in 47 B.C.

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\--His enemies worried that he planned to make himself king of Rome, so in order to save the republic, they plotted against him

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\--In March of 44 B.C., his enemies stabbed him to death as he arrived in the senate

Peloponnesian Wars

\--War between Athens and Sparta in 431 BC

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\--Lasted 27 years. Athens defeated Sparta in the end.

Aristophanes

\--A Greek playwright

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\--Featured women and families in their tragedies and comedy's.

Democracy

--A form of government in which citizens hold political power.

Delian League

\--An alliance between Greek city-states to cooperate and come to one another's defense

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\--It was held in Delos until Athenians moved it into Athens and made the alliances stay in the league against their will.

Plato

\--Greek philosopher who was taught by Socrates and was the teacher of Aristotle

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\--Developed an ideal of critical thought and self-examination that allowed people to question ideas and institutions.

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\--Their idea was that citizens should participate and judge governments.

Iliad

\--Primary source for the trojan war

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\--Describes gods, goddesses, and heroes.

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\--Tells about Achilles, the mightiest Greek warrior.

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\--A major theme of this is anger and how it caused great loss and misery for Greeks and trojans.

Spartan half citizens(perioikoi)

\--had to fight with the Spartans in battle as auxiliary soldiers

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\--had to carry on all of the trade and craftsmanship for the Spartans

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\--had no political power in the Spartan polis

c

According to historians, the most likely cause of the Trojan War was the:
a) Growing religious differences between the Trojans and Mycenaeans
b) kidnapping of Helen by Pairs
c) Growing economic rivalry between the Trojans and Mycenaeans
d) Achilles wrath towards Agamemnon

d

All Greeks considered themselves Greek because of the fact that:
a) they shared the same language
b) they shared the same religion
c) they shared common festivals
d) all of the above

b

The Delian League was originally started to:
a) protect against a future spartan attack
b) protect against a future Persian attack
c) create an Athenian Empire
d) spread Athenian culture through the Mediterranean

a

The Peloponnesian War began because of:
a) concern over increasing Athenian domination
b) concern over increasing Spartan domination
c) concern over political differences between democracy and oligarchy
d) all of the above

a

Aristotle's key to the good life was living by:
a) following the Golden Mean
b) following the Socratic Method
c) following a democracy
d) following Plato

c

The main contribution of Herodotus to the study of history was:
a) his removal of bias
b) his listing of names of rulers
c) his research process
d) his account of the Peloponnesian War

a

The geography of Greece affected its development by:
a) isolating poleis (city states) from one another, forcing independent development
b) allowing the Macedonians to conquer
c) allowing invaders to attack easily
d) uniting all Greeks

d

The reform of Pericles that allowed all male citizens over thirty to participate in the Athenian government was:
a) increasing the size of the Assembly
b) instituting a direct democracy
c) placing citizens on juries
d) paying a stipend for government service

a

the socratic method:
a) helped people seed truth and self-knowledge
b) angered only a small number of Athenians
c) relied on the Golden Mean
d) saved Socrates' life

b

Government in Greek city-states generally evolved from:
a) oligarchy to aristocracy to monarchy
b) monarchy to aristocracy to oligarchy
c) monarchy to oligarchy to aristocracy
d)aristocracy to monarchy to oligarchy

a

Culture, language, and religion:
a) were things that unified the Greeks.
b) were things that divided the Greeks.
c) were things the Greeks ignored.
d) were things the Greeks invented.

d

One common point between the Greeks and the U.S. is that in legal cases they both used:
a) ostracism.
b) stipends.
c) alliances.
d) juries.

b

One outcome of the Peloponnesian War was that:
a) athens increased its power.
b) democratic governments suffered.
c) sparta remained the most powerful city-state until Greek got conquered.
d) greeks stopped fighting each other.

False

T/F- Italy is divided into small regions that were isolated from one another

False

T/F- Plebeians were never allowed to hold political office in Rome

True

T/F- The male head of the household had absolute power in the family

True

T/F- Both girls and boys received some education in Rome

False

T/F- the legion was the basic unit of the Senate

False

T/F- The carthaginian general Hannibal had little success defeating the Roman army

False

T/F- Imperialism is the act of ruling over one's own people

false

T/F- latifundia were small farms gained after Roman conquest of the Mediterranean world

True

T/F- the Gracchi supported reforms for the common people

True

T/F- one of Julius Ceasar's reforms after becoming dictator was the reorganization of the provincial governments

monotheistic religions

\--religions that believe in only one God

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\--the three of these religions are Christianity, Judaism, Islam

Christianity

\--worships one God

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\--three main divisions (orthodox, protestant, and roman catholic)

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\--holy book=the bible

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\--believes Jesus was crucified, believes in Jesus.

Judaism

\--worships one God

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\--two main divisions (Sunni and Shia)

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\--holy book=Torah, believes Jesus was not crucified, believes in Jesus.

Islam

\--worships one God

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\--several divisions (Hasidic, Conservative, Reform Judaism, etc.)

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\--holy book=Koran, believes Jesus was crucified, believes in Jesus.

what do the three monotheistic religions have in common

\--all worship one God

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\--2 or more main divisions

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\--all have a holy book

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\--all believe in Jesus

in what ways do the three monotheistic religions differ

\--all have a different holy book (Christianity=Bible; Judaism=Torah; Islam=Koran)

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\--Christianity and Islam believe Jesus was crucified, Judaism believes that he was not crucified

polytheistic religions

\--religions that believe in more than one God

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\--two of these religions are Hinduism and Buddhism

Hinduism

\--believe in things like rebirth, karma, dharma (moral order)

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\--believe in the concept of enlightenment

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\--has religions symbols

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\--uses meditation and mantras

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\--for achieving enlightenment, the goal is to fulfil duties and rituals.

Buddhism

\--believe in things like rebirth, karma, dharma (moral order)

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\--believe in the concept of enlightenment

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\--has religions symbols, uses meditation and mantras

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\--for achieving enlightenment, the goal is to achieve nirvana.

what do the two polytheistic religions have in common

\--believe in rebirth, karma, dharma

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\--believe in the concept of enlightenment

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\--similar religious symbols

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\--both use meditation and mantras

in what ways do the two polytheistic religions differ

\--different ways of achieving enlightenment

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\--different goals (Hinduism=fulfill duties and rituals; Buddhism=achieve nirvana)

Iroquois Constitution simple facts

\--has lots of laws

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\--has a metaphor of a tree that runs through the constitution

Iroquois constitution connection to US government

\--they have a constitution that lists a bunch of rules about what they need to do.

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\--have multiple bodies working separate but in the end, coming together to do one thing.

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\--In the United States, we have the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches and the Iroquois have two combined bodies of Confederate Lords.

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\--laws are passed upon by the Mohawk and Seneca Lords, then it shall be discussed and passed by the Oneida and Cayuga Lords

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\--In our gov, when laws are made, they are passed through multiple bodies of government. When the Iroquois address issues, they get passed from the Mohawk and Seneca Lords to the Cayuga and Oneida Lords who make a decision in which they report back to the Mohawk Lords. Next, the Mohawk Lords give it to the Fire Keepers who make a decision, if both decisions are the same, the Mohawk Lords announce it to the council.

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\--Iroquois have to hold their Lords high because their positions are honorable just as we hold our president high because that position is honorable.