AP European History Chapter 15 - The Age of Exploration

God, glory, and gold

Primary motives for exploration

Francis Xavier

Most important Catholic missionary in the East Indies (1506-1552)

New Monarchs

Rulers resulting from the rise of nation states, leading to competition for empires and trade

Prince Henry the Navigator

Financed exploration along the coast of West Africa (1394-1460)

Bartholomew Diaz

Explorer who rounded the southern tip of Africa (1450-1500)

Vasco da Gama

Explorer who rounded the south of Africa and found an all-water route to India (1469-1525)

Pedro Cabral

Discoverer of Brazil (1467-1520)

Amerigo Vespucci

Perhaps the first European to realize a new continent had been found;

Christopher Columbus

First European to reach the New World since the Vikings c. 1000 (1451-1506)

Treaty of Tordesillas

Divided the New World between Spain and Portugal (1494)

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

First to sight the Pacific Ocean and explored the isthmus of Panama (1475-1517)

Ferdinand Magellan

His ship was the first to circumnavigate the globe (1480-1521)

Hernando Cortès

Conqueror of the Aztecs in Mesoamerica (1485-1547)

Francisco Pizarro

Conqueror of the Incas in South America (1478-1541)

Conquistadores

Began creating empires by conquering Indians

Samuel de Champlain

Founder of modern-day Canada (c. 1567-1635)

Royal African Co.

Entered the slave trade in England in the late-17th century

Columbian Exchange

Transformation of Europe and the New World due to exchanges during the Age of Exploration

Manorial lords

Landowners in the countryside

Bourgeoisie

Merchants in cities

Nuclear family

Family unit consisting of parents and children

Patriarchal

Social system where men hold primary power

Demography

Population growth leveled by 1650; cities saw larger increase than countryside

Famines

Reality in many parts; commoners relied on bread and beer

James Cook

Explorer known for mapping Canada and the Pacific Islands; made three voyages (1728-1779)

John Cabot

Italian explorer who claimed North America for England; reached Newfoundland in 1497

Zheng He

Chinese mariner who led voyages to the Indian Ocean; sought to establish trade (1371-1433)

Hernán Cortés

Conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico; led an expedition in 1519-1521

Francisco de Orellana

First to navigate the entirety of the Amazon River (1541-1542)

Bartolomeu Dias

First European to sail around the southern tip of Africa (c. 1488)

Henry Hudson

Explorer seeking a northwest passage; discovered the Hudson River and Hudson Bay (1565-1611)