schizophrenia - a level aqa

psychological explanations

family dysfunction

double bind

expressed emotion

family dysfunction

conflict

communication

cold parenting

critique

control

double bind

a situation in which an individual is given two different and inconsistent messages. - bateson

bateson

double bind

expressed emotion

the general level of criticism, disapproval, and hostility expressed in a family

cognitive explanation

dysfunctional thinking processes leads to paranoia

strengths of double bind

burger - double bind more prevalent in schizophrenics

weaknesses of double bind

lacks validity bc retrospective data and lacks truth when disorganised thoughts

gottesman

concordance between twins

48%

gottesman - MZ

27%

gottesman - DZ

candidate genes

individual genes are involved

ripke

large scale meta analysis 108 separate genes associated with Sz risk

hypERdopaminergia

high levels or activity in subcortex

brocas area + speech poverty or auditory hallucinations

hypOdopaminergia

low levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex (thinking and decisions)

neural correlates

patterns of structure and activity associated with Sz

superior temporal gyrus

hallucinations

allen

lower activation levels in superior temporal gyrus than control group

ventrial stratum

avolition

juckel

lower activation levels = Sz

weaknesses of the biological explanations

biology only? only 50% concordance rate so Environment!!

causation issues

strengths of the biological explanations

real world application with drug therapy

ICD-10

international classification of diseases - 10th edition

worldwide

only need negative symptoms

DSM-5

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

America

only need positive symptoms

weaknesses of schizophrenia diagnosis

gender bias

culture bias

lower inter rater reliability

comorbidity and symptom overlap

cheniaux

2 psychiatrists to diagnose 100

big differences in diagnosis

chlorprozamine

typical antipsychotics

clozapine

atypical antipsychotics

antipsychotics

alter neurotransmitters in the brain to alleviate symptoms of psychosis, paranoia, and schizophrenia

typical antipsychotics

1st generation; effective for positive symptoms

block dopamine receptors

chlorpromazine

tardive dyskenesia

atypical antipsychotics

A newer class of drugs to treat schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders.

clozapine

risperidone

work on both dopamine and serotonin systems

strengths of antipsychotics

no placebo effect

positive impact on economy - less absenteeism

quality of life

weaknesses of antipsychotics

tardive dyskenesia

human rights act - degrading treatment

costs outweigh benefits

CBT

recognise delusional thoughts

5-20 expensive sessions

argument in groups

weaknesses of CBT

requires will and self-awareness

inefficient if disengagement

long and costly

not immediate results

family therapy

treatment of an entire family to resolve and shed light on conflicts

Pharoah

family therapy reduces anger and guilt and helps resolve issues

strengths of family therapy

economic benefits

lower relapse rate

token economies

people earn tokens for completing tasks and lose tokens for behaving badly

weaknesses of token economies

ethical issues

can't get privileged

discrimination

interactionist approach

combination of genetically determined predispositions and environmental circumstances

diathesis stress model

person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress

strengths of the interactionist approach

holistic

effectiveness

weaknesses of the interactionist approach

incomplete understanding

treatment causation