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psychological explanations
family dysfunction
double bind
expressed emotion
family dysfunction
conflict
communication
cold parenting
critique
control
double bind
a situation in which an individual is given two different and inconsistent messages. - bateson
bateson
double bind
expressed emotion
the general level of criticism, disapproval, and hostility expressed in a family
cognitive explanation
dysfunctional thinking processes leads to paranoia
strengths of double bind
burger - double bind more prevalent in schizophrenics
weaknesses of double bind
lacks validity bc retrospective data and lacks truth when disorganised thoughts
gottesman
concordance between twins
48%
gottesman - MZ
27%
gottesman - DZ
candidate genes
individual genes are involved
ripke
large scale meta analysis 108 separate genes associated with Sz risk
hypERdopaminergia
high levels or activity in subcortex
brocas area + speech poverty or auditory hallucinations
hypOdopaminergia
low levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex (thinking and decisions)
neural correlates
patterns of structure and activity associated with Sz
superior temporal gyrus
hallucinations
allen
lower activation levels in superior temporal gyrus than control group
ventrial stratum
avolition
juckel
lower activation levels = Sz
weaknesses of the biological explanations
biology only? only 50% concordance rate so Environment!!
causation issues
strengths of the biological explanations
real world application with drug therapy
ICD-10
international classification of diseases - 10th edition
worldwide
only need negative symptoms
DSM-5
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
America
only need positive symptoms
weaknesses of schizophrenia diagnosis
gender bias
culture bias
lower inter rater reliability
comorbidity and symptom overlap
cheniaux
2 psychiatrists to diagnose 100
big differences in diagnosis
chlorprozamine
typical antipsychotics
clozapine
atypical antipsychotics
antipsychotics
alter neurotransmitters in the brain to alleviate symptoms of psychosis, paranoia, and schizophrenia
typical antipsychotics
1st generation; effective for positive symptoms
block dopamine receptors
chlorpromazine
tardive dyskenesia
atypical antipsychotics
A newer class of drugs to treat schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders.
clozapine
risperidone
work on both dopamine and serotonin systems
strengths of antipsychotics
no placebo effect
positive impact on economy - less absenteeism
quality of life
weaknesses of antipsychotics
tardive dyskenesia
human rights act - degrading treatment
costs outweigh benefits
CBT
recognise delusional thoughts
5-20 expensive sessions
argument in groups
weaknesses of CBT
requires will and self-awareness
inefficient if disengagement
long and costly
not immediate results
family therapy
treatment of an entire family to resolve and shed light on conflicts
Pharoah
family therapy reduces anger and guilt and helps resolve issues
strengths of family therapy
economic benefits
lower relapse rate
token economies
people earn tokens for completing tasks and lose tokens for behaving badly
weaknesses of token economies
ethical issues
can't get privileged
discrimination
interactionist approach
combination of genetically determined predispositions and environmental circumstances
diathesis stress model
person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress
strengths of the interactionist approach
holistic
effectiveness
weaknesses of the interactionist approach
incomplete understanding
treatment causation
