Studied by 4 peopleecumene
a variety of community types with a range of population densities
rural
farms and villages with low concentrations of people
urban
cities with high concentrations of people
suburbs
residential areas near cities
settlement
place with permanent human population
Factors driving urbanization
Agricultural Surplus
Social Stratification and a leadership class/urban elite
Job specialization
urbanization
process of developing towns and cities
percent urban
ratio of people living in cities compared to those living in rural areas
site
characteristics at the immediate location (physical features, climate, labor force, human structures)
situation
location of a place relative to its surroundings and connectivity to other places
city-state
an urban center and its surrounding territory and agricultural villages
Urban Hearth (historical examples)
Tiger-Euphrates Valley in modern Iraq
Nile river Valley and Nile Delta in modern Egypt
Indus River Valley in modern Pakistan
Huang-He floodplain in modern China
urban area
central city plus land developed for commercial, industrial, or residential purposes and includes the surrounding suburbs
urban hearth
are associated with defensible sites and river valleys with seasonal floods and fertile soils that allow for an agricultural surplus
city
a higher-density area with territory inside officially recognized politi
metropolitan area
a collection of cities next to each other economically connected across with a high population density
metropolitan statistical area
way to define city:
At least 50k ppl
the county of location and adjacent counties have a high degree social and economic integration with the urban core
micropolitan statistical area
population between 10k and 50k
county and surrounding counties have a high degree of integration
nodal region
central point in a matrix of connections
morphology
physical characteristics (buildings, streets, public places, and home)
population characteristics of cities
heterogeneity
immigration
diversity
time-space compression
as tech advances and connectivity increases it takes less time to get to places
pedestrian cities
cities shaped by distances people could walk
streetcar suburbs
communities that grew up along rail lines, emerged, often created a pinwheel shaped city
communication impacts on cities
telecommunication technology allowed for people to get information even though they werenât along transportation routes; these communication tech diffused hierarchically diffusion
Population and migration impacts on cities
population growth pressures, cultural tensions, environmental strain, and lack of economic opportunities created push factors in agricultural communities; most rapid occurs in periphery countries; pull factors like job oppurtunities
economic development and govt. policies impact on cities
cities are primary economy in country; economic/political leaders at national/local scale make policies to promote growth of cities
suburbanization
the process of people moving (usually from cities) to residential areas on the outskirts of cities
causes of USA suburbanization
World War 2; economic expansion; car-centered lifestyle; govts. construction of highways;
boomburgs
rapidly growing communities (>10% over 10 yrs) have a population over 100k, not the largest city in metro area (develops diff. from traditional city and doesnât have dense urban center)
leap-frog development
when contractors build communities and âjumpâ over the cities periphery and build on land there
edge cities
nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities
exurbs
prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs
counterurbanization
migrants relocating to the exurbs
megacities
population of more than 10 million people
metacities
continuous urban are with population greater than 20 million; attributes of a network of urban areas that have grown together to form a larger interconnected urban system
megalopolis
a chain of connected cities
conurbation
an uninterrupted urban area made of towns, suburbs, and cities
trend of urbanization in the developing world
megacities arenât only in empires anymore, and most can be found in LDCs due to high birth rates and increased rural-urban migration
reurbanization
suburb people returning to live in the cities
world cities
cities that exert influence beyond their vision (london, tokyo, new york, paris)
urban hierarchy
ranking based on influence or population size
Top 10 Wold Cities 2020
London, England
New York City, US
Tokyo, Japan
Paris, France
Singapore (city-state)
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Berlin, Germany
Seoul, South Korea
Hong Kong
Shanghai, China
nodal cities
command centers on a regional/national level (Denver,Phoenix, or Minneapolis)
urban system
interdependent set of cities that interact on the regional, national, and global scale
rank-size rule
describes one way in which the size of cities may develop (4th largest 1/4 size of largest)
Higher-order services
expensive, many people to support, occasionally utilized.
Lower-order services
cheaper, less people to support, often used
primate cities
1 city has most of population
gravity model
the larger and closer the place the more the connectivity
central place theory
explains the distribution of cities of diff. cities. Uses consumer behaviors related to purchasing goods/services to explain dispersion of settlements.
central place
a location where people go to receive goods/services
market area
a zone that contains people who will purchase goods or services, surrounds each central place
hinterland
the outlying towns and small communities that rely on the central place for goods and services
threshold
the size of population necessary for any service to exist and remain profitable
range
the distance in which a person will travel to get a specific good
limitations of cpt
assumes isotropic plain; doesnât consider influence types of transportation systems
expected changes in US cities in 2040
immigration will continue so more diverse population; voluntary segregation will continue; # of ethnic neighborhoods will increase
expected changes in megacities in Asia and Africa by 2040
megacities will get larger; economic, social, and educational opportunities will increase and attract immigration; however such dense population will increase impacts of epidemics, natural disasters, environmental changes, and civil unrest/terrorists. Also, bad sanitation and health safety will impact many.
functions of urban models
Classifying and categorizing land use in urban areas
Describing how various urban land uses are segregated spatially
Offering explanations for the location of different urban land uses
functional zonation
The idea that portions of an urban area have specific and distinct purposes
central business district
Commercial heart of the city
bid-rent theory
Land closer to the center of the city will have more value and cost; higher-order services will dominate the CBD
industrial zone
zone outside the CBD dedicated the industry. Including manufacturing, warehousing, and transportation. Zones are separated from residential areas b/c of air and noise pollution.
commensal relationship
commercial interests benefit each other
residential zones
Areas where people live
concentric zone model
city where a series of rings surrounds the CBD
sector model
different land uses were all around the CBD (wedges) (PI chart)
multiple nuclei model
functional zonation occurs around many centers or nodes (quilt)
peripheral model
a variant of multiple nuclei model
galactic city model
CBD surrounded by nodes that mimic CBD function
european city characteristics
They live in relatively low-rise apartments, and the cities are walkable; suburbs have high-rise buildings
islamic city characteristics
Bazaars concentrated along long twisted roads; some lead to dead ends
griffin-ford model
2-part CBD; the traditional market center adjacent to a modern high-rise center
favelas
neighborhoods marked by extreme poverty
characteristics of african cities
cities based by colonization
squatter settlements
periphery of african cities; often lack substantial utilities
characteristics of south asian cities
Concentrated by a port and large influx of chinese immigrants concentrated in one port
zoning ordinance
regulations that define how property in specific geographic regions can be used
urban planning
a process of promoting growth and controlling change in land use
residential density gradient
as you move farther from inner city population and house-unit density decreases
McMansion
houses that are much larger and donât conform to the structural homogeneity of the neighborhood
filtering
a process where houses pass from one social group to another
invasion and succession
process where one social ethnic replace each other through filtering
urban infill
process of increasing residential density by replacing open space with residences
big-box retail stores
physically large retail establishment usually part of a chain of stores,that offer a wide variety of products for, typically, suburban residents where you can buy in bulk
suburbanization of businesses
movement of commerce out of cities to suburbs where rent is cheaper and commutes for employers are shorter
difference in residential land use vs Outside and Inside the US
outside: population density gets higher in suburbs
inside: city has high population density; and becomes less as you travel outward
infrastructure
the facilities and systems that serve the population
municipal
local govt. of a city/town and the services it provides
annexation
process of legally defined land having land added to it
incorporation
act of residents legally joining together to form a new city
bedroom communities
commuter suburbs; where people live but donât work
unincorporated areas
populated regions that donât fall in city legal boundary
how does infrastructure vary in countries
eN - air pollution; use of non-renewable energy
S - congested roads and long commute times
E - valuable real estate used for parking and costs associated with car ownership
public transportation
buses, subways, light rail, and trains operated by a govt. agency
impact of car in urban areas
traffic patterns change throughout the day based on commuters
where the wealthy choose to live
in canada and europe they live in densely populated cities; in the US they live in low populated suburbs
Note 
Flashcard (85)