Mini Summative #1

ecumene

a variety of community types with a range of population densities

rural

farms and villages with low concentrations of people

urban

cities with high concentrations of people

suburbs

residential areas near cities

settlement

place with permanent human population

*Factors driving urbanization*

1. Agricultural Surplus
2. Social Stratification and a leadership class/urban elite
3. Job specialization

urbanization

process of developing towns and cities

percent urban

ratio of people living in cities compared to those living in rural areas

site

characteristics at the immediate location (physical features, climate, labor force, human structures)

situation

location of a place relative to its surroundings and connectivity to other places

city-state

an urban center and its surrounding territory and agricultural villages

*Urban Hearth (historical examples)*

1. Tiger-Euphrates Valley in modern Iraq
2. Nile river Valley and Nile Delta in modern Egypt
3. Indus River Valley in modern Pakistan
4. Huang-He floodplain in modern China

urban area

central city plus land developed for commercial, industrial, or residential purposes and includes the surrounding suburbs

urban hearth

are associated with defensible sites and river valleys with seasonal floods and fertile soils that allow for an agricultural surplus

city

a higher-density area with territory inside officially recognized politi

metropolitan area

a collection of cities next to each other economically connected across with a high population density

metropolitan statistical area

way to define city:

* At least 50k ppl
* the county of location and adjacent counties have a high degree social and economic integration with the urban core

micropolitan statistical area

* population between 10k and 50k
* county and surrounding counties have a high degree of integration

nodal region

central point in a matrix of connections

morphology

physical characteristics (buildings, streets, public places, and home)

*population characteristics of cities*

* heterogeneity
* immigration
* diversity

time-space compression

as tech advances and connectivity increases it takes less time to get to places

pedestrian cities

cities shaped by distances people could walk

streetcar suburbs

communities that grew up along rail lines, emerged, often created a pinwheel shaped city

*communication impacts on cities*

telecommunication technology allowed for people to get information even though they weren’t along transportation routes; these communication tech diffused hierarchically diffusion

*Population and migration impacts on cities*

population growth pressures, cultural tensions, environmental strain, and lack of economic opportunities created push factors in agricultural communities; most rapid occurs in periphery countries; pull factors like job oppurtunities

*economic development and govt. policies impact on cities*

cities are primary economy in country; economic/political leaders at national/local scale make policies to promote growth of cities

suburbanization

the process of people moving (usually from cities) to residential areas on the outskirts of cities

*causes of USA suburbanization*

World War 2; economic expansion; car-centered lifestyle; govts. construction of highways;

boomburgs

rapidly growing communities (>10% over 10 yrs) have a population over 100k, not the largest city in metro area (develops diff. from traditional city and doesn’t have dense urban center)

leap-frog development

when contractors build communities and ‘jump’ over the cities periphery and build on land there

edge cities

nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities

exurbs

prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs

counterurbanization

migrants relocating to the exurbs

megacities

population of more than 10 million people

metacities

continuous urban are with population greater than 20 million; attributes of a network of urban areas that have grown together to form a larger interconnected urban system

megalopolis

a chain of connected cities

conurbation

an uninterrupted urban area made of towns, suburbs, and cities

*trend of urbanization in the developing world*

megacities aren’t only in empires anymore, and most can be found in LDCs due to high birth rates and increased rural-urban migration

reurbanization

suburb people returning to live in the cities

*world cities*

cities that exert influence beyond their vision (london, tokyo, new york, paris)

urban hierarchy

ranking based on influence or population size

*Top 10 Wold Cities 2020*

1. London, England
2. New York City, US
3. Tokyo, Japan
4. Paris, France
5. Singapore (city-state)
6. Amsterdam, Netherlands
7. Berlin, Germany
8. Seoul, South Korea
9. Hong Kong
10. Shanghai, China

nodal cities

command centers on a regional/national level (Denver,Phoenix, or Minneapolis)

urban system

interdependent set of cities that interact on the regional, national, and global scale

rank-size rule

describes one way in which the size of cities may develop (4th largest 1/4 size of largest)

Higher-order services

expensive, many people to support, occasionally utilized.

Lower-order services

cheaper, less people to support, often used

primate cities

1 city has most of population

gravity model

the larger and closer the place the more the connectivity

central place theory

explains the distribution of cities of diff. cities. Uses consumer behaviors related to purchasing goods/services to explain dispersion of settlements.

central place

a location where people go to receive goods/services

market area

a zone that contains people who will purchase goods or services, surrounds each central place

hinterland

the outlying towns and small communities that rely on the central place for goods and services

threshold

the size of population necessary for any service to exist and remain profitable

range

the distance in which a person will travel to get a specific good

*limitations of cpt*

assumes isotropic plain; doesn’t consider influence types of transportation systems

*expected changes in US cities in 2040*

immigration will continue so more diverse population; voluntary segregation will continue; # of ethnic neighborhoods will increase

*expected changes in megacities in Asia and Africa by 2040*

megacities will get larger; economic, social, and educational opportunities will increase and attract immigration; however such dense population will increase impacts of epidemics, natural disasters, environmental changes, and civil unrest/terrorists. Also, bad sanitation and health safety will impact many.

functions of urban models

1. Classifying and categorizing land use in urban areas
2. Describing how various urban land uses are segregated spatially
3. Offering explanations for the location of different urban land uses

functional zonation

The idea that portions of an urban area have specific and distinct purposes

central business district

Commercial heart of the city

bid-rent theory

Land closer to the center of the city will have more value and cost; higher-order services will dominate the CBD

industrial zone

zone outside the CBD dedicated the industry. Including manufacturing, warehousing, and transportation. Zones are separated from residential areas b/c of air and noise pollution.

commensal relationship

commercial interests benefit each other

residential zones

Areas where people live

concentric zone model

city where a series of rings surrounds the CBD

sector model

different land uses were all around the CBD (wedges) (PI chart)

multiple nuclei model

functional zonation occurs around many centers or nodes (quilt)

peripheral model

a variant of multiple nuclei model

galactic city model

CBD surrounded by nodes that mimic CBD function

*european city characteristics*

They live in relatively low-rise apartments, and the cities are walkable; suburbs have high-rise buildings

*islamic city characteristics*

Bazaars concentrated along long twisted roads; some lead to dead ends

griffin-ford model

2-part CBD; the traditional market center adjacent to a modern high-rise center

favelas

neighborhoods marked by extreme poverty

*characteristics of african cities*

cities based by colonization

squatter settlements

periphery of african cities; often lack substantial utilities

*characteristics of south asian cities*

Concentrated by a port and large influx of chinese immigrants concentrated in one port

zoning ordinance

regulations that define how property in specific geographic regions can be used

urban planning

a process of promoting growth and controlling change in land use

residential density gradient

as you move farther from inner city population and house-unit density decreases

*McMansion*

houses that are much larger and don’t conform to the structural homogeneity of the neighborhood

filtering

a process where houses pass from one social group to another

invasion and succession

process where one social ethnic replace each other through filtering

urban infill

process of increasing residential density by replacing open space with residences

*big-box retail stores*

physically large retail establishment usually part of a chain of stores,that offer a wide variety of products for, typically, suburban residents where you can buy in bulk

suburbanization of businesses

movement of commerce out of cities to suburbs where rent is cheaper and commutes for employers are shorter

*difference in residential land use vs Outside and Inside the US*

outside: population density gets higher in suburbs

inside: city has high population density; and becomes less as you travel outward

infrastructure

the facilities and systems that serve the population

municipal

local govt. of a city/town and the services it provides

annexation

process of legally defined land having land added to it

incorporation

act of residents legally joining together to form a new city

bedroom communities

commuter suburbs; where people live but don’t work

unincorporated areas

populated regions that don’t fall in city legal boundary

*how does infrastructure vary in countries*

eN - air pollution; use of non-renewable energy

S - congested roads and long commute times

E - valuable real estate used for parking and costs associated with car ownership

public transportation

buses, subways, light rail, and trains operated by a govt. agency

*impact of car in urban areas*

traffic patterns change throughout the day based on commuters

*where the wealthy choose to live*

in canada and europe they live in densely populated cities; in the US they live in low populated suburbs