AP HUG Chapter 2

demography

the study of general population

population/crude density

a measure of total population relative to land area

arithmetic population density

the average population density

How do you calculate arithmetic population density?

population divided by land/surface area

What does arithmetic population density emphasize?

contrasts between low-density countries and high density countries

Population density does not…..

reflect the emptiness of certain countries and sometimes is misleading or useless

Physiologic population density

relates to the total population of a country to the area of arable land

How do you calculate physiologic population density?

population divided by arable land area

Agricultural density

the number of farmers per unit of arable land

How do you calculate agricultural density

farmers divided by arable land

What does the difference in arithmetic density and physiologic density for a single country reveal?

the proportion of arable land to all land

Population distribution

the description of the pattern in the spatial arrangement of people

What does population distribution include?

where large numbers of people live closely together and where few people live

Geographers represent population distribution on thematic maps using….

dot maps

What areas have the highest population numbers?

East Africa, South Asia, and Europe

People usually cluster in….

major cities, on the coasts, and in major river basins

Who is less likely to complete a census form?

migrants, racial minorities, people living in rentals, people who don’t own a home, and low income families

Ecumene

the areas of earth’s surface that are inhabited by humans

Physical factors that determine where people live

• climate-weather pattern overtime

• landforms-where can I survive

• bodies of water- for my body and plants

Human factors that determine where people live

• culture- my people

• economics- how can I make money

• history- events of the past influence where people live today

• political- types of govs/levels of freedom

density

the number of people in a space

Population density allows for geographers to describe….

the Human-Environment Interaction by looking at the distribution of people and the impact of resources

Who was Malthus?

a British economist published an essay on the Principles of population

What did Malthus warn the world about?

that the world’s population was increasing faster than food supplies needed to sustain it

What did Malthus reason?

that food supplies grow linearly ( adding acreage and crops incrementally by year)

What was Malthus assumption that is now false?

countries depend completely on what is grown inside its borders

Agricultural goods are now exchanged through…

globalization

What is global interaction formed by?

mercantilism, colonialism, and capitalism

What does global interaction bring?

new agricultural methods, commodities, and capitalism

What was the expansion of food production brought by?

improved seed strains, pesticides, fertilizers, irrigation systems, and constant innovation

What do neo-Malthusians argue?

that overpopulation is a large problem and are pessimistic that Earth can sustain a larger population. Also that food, energy, and water will become limited

Geographers and demographers measure population change and composition to compare….

relative differences among countries, study outcomes of population change, and make predictions

How to calculate natural increase rate of a population:

the crude birth rate and crude death rate

Crude birth rate

the number of lives birthed per year per 1,000 people

Crude death rate

the number of deaths per year per 1,000 people

natural increase rate

the crude death rate - crude birth rate

What does the natural increase rate show?

how a countries population is changing without migration

If the natural increase rate is low, then ______ is low

fertility

With cultures and countries that restrict education and prospects for women….

the rate of natural increase tends to be higher

Negative growth in some countries is caused by:

• wealth

• deteriorating health conditions

• high rates of alcoholism

• drug use

• rise in male suicide

• economic problems

In 1952, India became the 1st country with a….

population planning program

What were India’s goals with their population programs?

lower fertility rates and slow population growth rate

In 1976, India started a mass sterilization drive which focused on….

force sterilization of any man with 3 or more children

The sterilization soon led to….

public opposition and rioting

Did the Indian government ever abandoned the sterilization program?

Yes, they ended the program with heavy social and political costs

How many men did the sterilization program sterilize?

6 million men

After the failure of the sterilization program, what was India’s new focus?

to distribute birth control to women and offer family planning clinics

Contraceptive Prevalence rate

the percentage of women ages 15 to 49 using at least one contraceptive method

What is doubling time explain?

explains growth rate in world population

How to calculate doubling time?

the natural increase rate divided by 70

What things lower population growth?

• economic well-being

• urbanization

• higher levels of education

• later marriage

• family planning

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

the average number of children born to women of child bearing age

In wealthier countries, women choose to continue….. which results in an aging population

education, develop, and careers,

Old-Age Dependency Ratios

the relationship between the number of people over the age of 65 and the working-age population between 15-64

Dependency Ratio

ratio of people underage 14 and those 65+ compared to those 15-64 in a population

What does an aging population require?

substantial social adjustments

As the proportion of older people _____, the proportion of younger people ______

increases

decreases

To change the age of distribution of an aging country and provide more tax payers:

increase TFR or enable immigration

Population Composition

the structure of a population in terms of age, sex, and other properties such as material status and education

Population Pyramids

graphic representations of age and sex compositions of a population

The Demographic Transition

a model suggesting that a country’s birth rate and death rate change in predictable ways and stages of economic development

5 Stages

Stage 1 of The Demographic Transition: Low Growth

• high crude birth and crude death rates

• the birth and death rates keep the population low and at low growth

• no current countries in this stage

  (a majority of past countries or countries’ histories occurred in this stage)

Stage 2 of The Demographic Transition: High Growth

• occurs when access to food, sanitation, and health care improved resulting in much lower death rates

• continues to have a high crude birth rate but a declining crude death rate

• a population boom

• this stage first occurred after the Industrial Revolution

• inventions of medicines allow lower death rates (Medical Revolution)

Stage 3 of The Demographic Transition: Moderate Growth

• rapidly declining crude birth rates, declining crude death rates, and low natural increase rate

• more economic opportunities open

• women are more aware of contraceptives and have more access to jobs and education causing birth rates to fall

• caused by urbanization, accepting of changes, harder to support a larger family

Stage 4 of The Demographic Transition: Low Growth

• has low crude birth rates, low crude death rates, and stable or slowing rates of natural increase

• countries in this stage are higher-income countries

• more economic opportunities for all citizens

• more educational opportunities for women means less time for kids

• may experience no population growth (ZPG)

Stage 5 of The Demographic Transition: Negative Growth

• very low birth rates

• increasing death rates

• the crude birth rate falls below the crude death rate causing a negative natural increase rate

• an aging population

What do geographers study?

where the population is distributed

then why it is located there

and at what rate is it growing/shrinking

What do demographers consider?

how people are spread by age, health, gender, occupation, and fertility

What are the political impacts of population distribution?

• is the government system able to handle the growing/shrinking of the population

• are the needs of the population represented?

• what strain does the population place on the government to provide basic needs?

What are the economic impacts of population distribution?

• are there enough jobs for working-age people?

• are there enough people to fill jobs?

• are there enough jobs for people to fill?

What are the social impacts of population distribution?

• are there enough hospitals?

• if young population, enough schools?

• if aging population, enough resources for pensions and elder-care

Where is almost all population growth currently concentrated?

in developing countries

Carrying Capacity

the relationship between a population size and the amount of resources

Below Carrying Capacity

population is less than resources

At Carrying Capacity

population equals resources

Over Carrying Capacity

population is greater than resources

Infrastructure can ______ or _____ access to health care

impede or facilitate

Higher rates of health expenditures per capita occur in countries that…..

put forth great effort in medical procedures, technology, and medicines

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

the probability that a child will die before reaching the age of 1

Child mortality rate (CMR)

the probability child will die before reaching the age of 5

Newborn Death Rate

measurement of the number of children who die in the 1st month of life out of 1,000 live births

In high income countries, what is the main cause of death for newborns?

premature births and low-weight babies

In low income countries, what is the main cause of death for newborns?

diarrhea and infections

Infant and child mortality reflect what in a society

overall health

Life Expectancy

the average number of years a person is expected to live

Epidemiological transition

explains the causes of changing death rates

Countries with high birth rates and high population growth rates tent to have more…

infectious diseases that afflict younger populations

Countries with stable growth rates, including low birth rates and low death rates, tend to have more….

chronic diseases that afflict older populations

Why do diseases intertest medical geographers?

because they tend to appear in specific places un particular populations

Endemic

when it prevails over a small area

Epidemic

when it spreads over a large region

Pandemic

disease is global in space

vectored disease

transmitted by an intermediary vector

What are effective vectors for many infectious diseases?

mosquitoes, fleas, flies, worms, and snails

What type of climates allow vectors to thrive?

tropical climates

Non-vectored infectious diseases

transmitted by direct contact between host and victim

age structure

the proportion of the total population in each age group

sex ratio

number of male births divided by the number of female births times 100

If the sex ratio is less than 100

more female births

If the sex ratio is equal to 100

births are even