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Carl R. Rogers (1902–1987): A View of the Theorist
He was reared in a strict and uncompromising religious and ethical atmosphere.
His parents had the welfare of their children constantly in mind and instilled in them a worship of hard work.
His description of his early life reveals two main trends that are reflected in his later work.
1. The concern with moral and ethical matters
2. The respect for the methods of science
Appears to have developed out of exposure to his father’s efforts to operate their farm on a scientific basis
And his own reading of books on scientific agriculture
Started his college education majoring in agriculture, but after two years, he changed his professional goals and decided to enter the ministry
During a trip to Asia in 1922, he had a chance to observe commitments to other religious doctrines as well as the bitter mutual hatreds of French and German people, who otherwise seemed to be likable individuals.
Experiences like these influenced his decision to go to a liberal theological seminary, the Union Theological Seminary in New York.
Although he was concerned about questions regarding the meaning of life for individuals, he had doubts about specific religious doctrines.
Therefore, he chose to leave the seminary, to work in the field of child guidance, and to think of himself as a clinical psychologist.
Obtained his graduate training at Teachers College, Columbia University, receiving his Ph.D. in 1931.
His education included exposure to both the dynamic views of Freud and the rigorous experimental methods then prevalent at Teachers College.
His later years represent an effort to integrate the religious with the scientific, the intuitive with the objective, and the clinical with the statistical.
Tried continually to apply the objective methods of science to what is most basically human.
In the early 1950s, he fully developed a set of recommendations for how psychotherapy should be conducted.
They differed radically from the primary ideas of the time, which were those of Freudian psychoanalysis.
He suggested that the therapist\client relationship should be a normal human relationship: a personally supportive one-on-one encounter.
This differed from the idea of Freudian psychoanalysis that patient and psychologist are not equal.
Got his idea from Otto Rank, a long-time associate of Freud
In 1968, he and his more humanistically oriented colleagues formed the Center for the Studies of the Person.
Believed that most of psychology of his day was intellectually sterile.
He generally felt alienated from the field.
Yet the field continued to value his contributions.
The Subjectivity of Experience
(Rogers’s View of the Person)
In our daily living, we believe we experience an objective world of reality.
When we see something occur, we believe it exists as we saw it.
We are so confident in our objective knowledge of an objective reality that we rarely question it.
The “reality” we observe is really a private world of experience… the phenomenal field (The individual’s way of perceiving and experiencing his or her world)
This phenomenal field—the space of perceptions that makes up our experience—is a subjective construction.
The individual constructs this inner world of experience, and the construction reflects not only the outer world of reality but also the inner world of personal needs, goals, and beliefs.
Inner psychological needs shape the subjective experiences that we interpret as objectively real
Phenomenal field
The individual’s way of perceiving and experiencing his or her world
The space of perceptions that makes up our experience
Feelings of Authenticity
(The Subjectivity of Experience)
(Rogers’s View of the Person)
The Positivity of Human Motivation
(The Subjectivity of Experience)
(Rogers’s View of the Person)
A Phenomenological Perspective
(Rogers’s View of the Person)
Phenomenology
Rogers’s View of the Science of Personality
The Self
(The Personality Theory of Carl Rogers - Structure)
Self-concept
Ideal self
The Intuitive Self - Rogers (Personality and the Brain)
Measuring Self-Concept - The Q-Sort Technique
(The Personality Theory of Carl Rogers - Structure)
The Semantic Differential
(The Personality Theory of Carl Rogers - Structure)
The Personality Theory of Carl Rogers - Process
Self-Actualization
(The Personality Theory of Carl Rogers - Process)
Self-Consistency and Congruence
(The Personality Theory of Carl Rogers - Process)
Self-consistency
Congruence
Incongruence
States of Incongruence and Defensive Processes
(The Personality Theory of Carl Rogers - Process)
Subception
Distortion
Denial
Research on Self-Consistency and Congruence
(The Personality Theory of Carl Rogers - Process)
The Need for Positive Regard
(The Personality Theory of Carl Rogers - Process)
Conditions of worth
The Personality Theory of Carl Rogers - Growth and Development
Research on Parent–Child Relationships
(The Personality Theory of Carl Rogers - Growth and Development)
Self-esteem
Social Relations, Self-Actualization, and Well-Being Later in Life
(The Personality Theory of Carl Rogers - Growth and Development)
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