Vegetative organs
Organs that allow the plant to live and grow
Includes the root stems, and leaves
Root
Anchors the plant to the soil for support and absorbs water and minerals from the soil
Stem
The main axis of the plant together with its branches
Functions as a support and for the transport of water and nutrients absorbed by the roots to the leaves
Distributes the products of photosynthesis to the other plant parts
Leaves
Are responsible for the manufacture of food by photosynthesis
Meristematic & Permanent
Two types of tissues in vascular plants
Surface (dermal), Fundamental (ground) and Vascular
Basic Tissue System
Meristematic Tissues
Allow growth
Embryonic tissue that made up meristems
Meristems
Part of the plant where growth is fastest
Apical Meristems
Found in the tip of the stems or roots that allow these organs to grow longer
Lateral Meristems
Called as secondary meristems or lateral buds or axillary buds
Found on the nodes of stems and are involved in the formation of branches
Cambium
A ring of meristematic tissues found inside a mature stem, which allows growth in diameter or increase in the thickness of stem or roots
Vascular Cambium
Produces new layers of vascular tissues
Cork Cambium
Produce new layers of surface tissues called cork
Surface Tissues
Protect
Dermal tissues
Cover and protect the surface of the different plant organs
The epidermis of a leaf is an example of _________ where the outer cell is covered with a layer of cuticle that is made up of a substance called cutin
Cork is another example of ______________ that covers the outer surface of the bark of woody stems and roots
Cutin
A waxy substance that prevents water loss
Cuticle
Protects against bacteria and other organisms that may cause harm to the plant
Epidermis
Also found in the outer layer of leaves, stems, roots, flowers, and even seeds
Root Hairs
Are slender projections found in the epidermal cell of roots, which enables a cell’s modification to increase the surface area of the root for absorption
Guard Cells
Are modified epidermal cells found on leaves that function to open or close the stomata
Stomata
The leaf opening for gas exchange
Fundamental Tissues
Fill
Ground tissues
Form the main bulk of plants
They fill most of the spaces in any plant organ
Parenchyma Cells
Best represent a typical plant cell
Large, thin-walled, and usually have a large central vacuole
Usually contain plastids
Food storage
Capable of cell division and could give rise to more specialized cells, such as when roots develop from step cutting placed in water
Collenchyma Cells
Functions mainly as support
They have thicker cell wall
Sclerenchyma Cells
Have a thick secondary cell wall in addition to the primary cell wall
The secondary cell wall is impregnated with lignin, an organic substance that makes the cell wall tough and hard
Nonliving and function as a support to the mature parts of the plant
Fibers
Are long and slender
Sclereids
Irregular in shape
Vascular Tissues
Transport
Complex conducting tissues that extend from the roots to the leaves of plants
Xylem
Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves via the stem
Contains parenchyma cells that store substances
Tracheids
Elongated, hallow, and nonliving cells with tapered ends
Vessel Elements
Also hallow and nonliving, but are larger and without end walls
Phloem
Transports organic nutrients in both directions along the length of the plant
Contains living conducting cells called sieve tube members
Sieve Tube Members
Are elongated cells with few organelles and no nucleus
Sieve Plates
End walls of the sieve tube members
Companion Cells
Are believed to control the transport activities of the sieve tube cells
Leaves
Are the chief organs of plants for photosynthesis
Function in asexual reproduction
Deciduous Plants
Change the colors of their leaves with the changing of the season or lose them with the onset of the winter
Stomata
Pores that close or open to let essential gases enter and leave the leaf
Stoma
Greek word that means mouth
Stem
Is an above ground structure that supports the leaves, transports water and important nutrients between roots and leaves, and produces new tissue for growth
Terminal Bud
Apical bud
Produces new leaves and other tissues during primary growth
Lateral Bud
Axillary bud
Where a leaf connects with the stem
Node
Where the leaf or leaves attach to the stem
Internode
Region in between nodes
Herbaceous Stem
Has no relation to cambium growth, that is why it is soft
Woody Stem
Hard and rigid
Roots
Enables a plant to anchor itself in the soil while absorbing water and minerals to the rest of its body
Have a slimy surface and cylindrical shape that allows the plant to penetrate the soil as they grow in size and also allow water to be absorbed from all directions
Also functions as an important storage for food produced by plants
Root Cap
Tip of the root
Protects the plant from rock injury that may damage the roots as it grows
Adventitious Roots
Arise from an organ other than the roots, such as the stem or the leaf
Can be modified for aerial support known as prop roots