biology chapter 3 test

ecology

the study of interactions among organisms and their physical environment

five levels of organization

SPaCE BB

species

population

community

ecosystem

biome

species

a group of similar organisms that breed and produce offspring

population

a group of a particular species living in the same area

community

different population living in the same area

ecosystem

all living and nonliving factors combined

biome

a group of ecosystems with the same climate

biosphere

includes the combined portion of living and non-living aspects of planet earth

3 methods to conducting ecological research

observing

experimenting

modeling

observing

qualitative and quantitative observations

experimenting

used to test hypotheses, can set up artificial environments and manipulate conditions

modeling

models are made to study events that have occurred over large time periods, or are large in scale

primary producers AKA…

autotrophs

what are examples of primary producers

plants, algae, and certain bacteria

primary producers

can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and convert it into forms that living cells can use in the process of photosynthesis

utilizes photosynthesis and chemosynthesis

primary consumer

feeds on primary producers

secondary consumers

feeds on primary consumers

what uses photosynthesis

plants

photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H20 -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

photosynthesis inputs and outputs

carbon dioxode + water -(light)→ glucose/energy + oxygen

byproduct of photosynthesis

oxygen

what influences the rate of photosynthesis

atmospheric temperature

amount/intensity of sunlight

CO2 concentration

photosynthesis

_________ → _________

solar energy → organic matter

what uses chemosynthesis

chemosynthetic bacteria

chemosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H20 + 3H2S -> C6H12O6 + 3S

chemosynthesis inputs and outputs

carbon dioxide + water + hydrogen sulfide → glucose + sulfur

by-product of chemosynthesis

sulfur

chemosynthesis does NOT need ________ to make _____

chemosynthesis does NOT need sunlight to make carbs

what determines the rate of chemosynthesis

the amount of hydrogen sulfide seeping in from the hydrothermal vent

consumers AKA…

heterotrophs

consumers

organisms that get their energy by eating other organisms

carnivores

eats meat

herbivores

eats plants

omnivores

eats meat and plants

scavengers

eats already dead things

decomposers

chemically breaks down dead plants and animals (organic matter)

produces detritus

decomposers examples

bacteria and fungi

detritivores

eats dead remains

detritivore examples

crabs, mites, earthworms, snails

food chain

a series of feeding steps in which organisms transfer __energy__ by eating and being eat

chemical substance needed to sustain life

nutrients

nutrient examples

water and minerals

(carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen)

food chains/web continually _______ nutrients

recycle

food chain is a series of feeding steps in which organisms transfer ______ by eating and being eaten

energy

main/original source of energy

the sun

trophic level

each step in a food chain that shows the transfer of energy

cannot contain more organisms than there is energy to support

energy flows in _________ direction(s)

______ the sun

one

away from

trophic level:

it is the ______ an organism occupies in a food chain

each ______ in the chain represents one trophic level

position

link

on land

the first trophic begins with _______

plants

in water

the first trophic level begins with _________

phytoplankton

10% rule

only 10% of the energy stored in an organism is passed to the next organism on the next trophic level

what is the energy being passed down used for

life processes

movement, digestion, reproduction, metabolism, respiration

what is the other 90% eliminated as

heat

food webs

interconnected food chains that show all feeding relationships in an ecosystem

phytoplankton

plant-like aquatic microorganisms found in marine and fresh water

phytoplankton examples

diatoms, dinoflagellates, blue-green algae, cyanobacteria

phytoplankton appearance

brown in color - cloudy patches are formed when then grow as a group

where are phytoplankton found

in the upper sunlight layer or the euphotic layer of the water body

how do phytoplankton get energy

produce their own food by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

the position of phytoplankton on the food chain

primary producers

phytoplankton relationship with oxygen

releases lots of oxygen

zooplankton

aquatic animal-like organisms and the larval stages of other life forms

zooplankton examples

crustaceans

krill, holoplankton, meroplankton, protozoans

zooplankton appearance

can be found in different color and shapes, but are mostly translucent

where are zooplankton found

in the deep sections of the water body

how do zooplankton get energy

eating phytoplankton, other zooplankton, or detritus

zooplankton position on the food chain

primary or secondary consumers of the aquatic food chains

zooplankton relationship with oxygen

consumes oxygen

three types of ecological pyramids

energy

biomass

of number

ecological pyramids

shows the relative amount of biomass, numbers, or energy contained within each trophic level in a food chain/web

energy pyramid

shows relative amounts of energy available at each trophic level

biomass pyramid

shows the relative or total amount of living tissue within a trophic level

pyramid of number

shows the relative number of individuals living at each trophic level

biomass and numbers are _______ at higher trophic levels

smaller

what is lost during respiration and unavaliable for conversion to organic matter

carbon in the form of CO2