APUSH UNIT 7 STUDY GUIDE

Imperialism

The expansion of one country’s political, economic, and military influence over another country

Seward’s Folley

A nickname for the purchase of Alaska, completed by Johnson’s secretary of state William Seward for 7.2 million dollars. People viewed this as a mistake, being that Alaska was a desolate icebox, until gold was discovered.

Imperialists

Those who wanted to expand access to raw materials, and used Social Darwinism to justify imperialism for capital gain.

Our Country: Its Possible Future and Present Crisis

Written by Josiah Strong, it spread the belief that Protestant Americans had the duty to colonize other countries for ministry

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Wrote that any national power got their way through having a strong navy.

Self Determination for Nations

The idea that nations should decide for themselves who rules it and which laws were passed

Anti Imperialists

These people evoked Washington’s farewell speech in which he warned against foreign entanglement, argued that the Constitution should follow the flag, and supported self determination for nations.

Causes of the Spanish American

Cuban Revolt, Yellow Journalism, the De Lome Letter, and the Sinking of the USS Maine all contributed to the start of the conflict.

Cuban Revolt

People in Cuba attempted to overthrow Spanish control in their territory, but they were unsuccessful.

Yellow Journalism

A type of Journalism that actively promoted war fever by way of exaggeration/sensationalism.

De Lome Letter

A leaked letter from a Spanish Diplomat that contained messages speaking ill of President McKinley

Sinking of the USS Maine

A ship that was reportedly sunk by the Spanish, thereby killing over 200 Americans.

Rough Riders

A nickname for a fleet led by Teddy Roosevelt in Cuba

Platt Amendment

Said that the U.S. could intervene with force into Cuba if the American economic system were threatened, among other stipulations (Never impairing its independence, allowing the US to maintain naval bases).

Treaty of Paris

Ended the Spanish American War, gave the Philippines to the US for $20 million, let the US acquire Guam and Puerto Rico, and made Cuba independent.

Annexation of Hawaii

This territory was acquired by the US in 1898 after Queen Lilioukalani was overthrown 5 years earlier. This territory brought strategic advantages in the Spanish American War, as it was exactly half way between the Philippines and the US.

Open Door Note/Policy

Many foreign nations had established spheres of influence in China, and John Hay saw this as American opportunity dwindling. He then sent a diplomatic note that asked that all nations had equal trading privileges in China. Since no nation directly denied the offer, Hay declared that this new policy was officially in place.

Panama Canal

Built under Roosevelt, it was created to be a more direct trade route with a variety of foreign nations, especially China.

The Roosevelt Corollary

An addition to the Monroe Doctrine, it said that instead of foreign powers getting involved, the United States would intervene in Latin American issues whenever necessary.

“Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick”

A slogan associated by Theodore Roosevelt, it described his foreign policy, especially his tendency to act boldly and decisively in a number of situations.

Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy

This president’s policy was more economic than militaristic. He supported Private American investments in China and Latin America that would produce greater stability than war, such as railroads in China and intervention in Nicaragua.

Wilson’s Foreign Affairs

As opposed to the previous presidents policies, this president's “New Freedom” adopted a moral approach to foreign affairs, such as the Jones Act in Philippines, and an act of Congress that granted US citizenship to all Puerto Ricans

Progressives

Diverse groups with differing agendas that all agreed that society was deteriorating and government intervention was needed.

Muckrakers

Derogatory term for journalists who almost exclusively wrote on negative stories that would stir an uproar, as well as highlighting injustices in American society.

Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle

A muckraker piece of literature that exposed the unsanitary conditions of the meat packing industry.

Ida Tarbell

Author who published the muckraker article The History of the Standard Oil Company, which spoke on Rockefeller’s monopoly over oil.

Jacob Riis

A photojournalist who published pictures of tenements which were used to house the poor in his novel How the Other Half Lives.

Secret Ballot

A system first used in Australia, it made voting a private matter, thereby preventing political bosses from intimidating voters.

17th Amendment

This amendment made it so that the people of the nation would vote for senators instead of them being decided by state legislatures.

18th Amendment

This amendment prohibited alcohol from being manufactured or sold in the United States. This was heavily pushed and supported by women’s groups such as the Anti-Saloon League and the American Temperance Society

19th Amendment

This amendment granted women the right to vote.

Initiative

Allowed citizens of the United States to compel the legislature to consider a bill.

Referendum

Allowed citizens of the United States to vote on proposed laws printed on their ballots.

Recall

Allowed citizens of the United States to vote to remove a corrupt/unsatisfactory politician from office through majority vote.

Progressive Era

A time period in which people started to regain power that they lost to big business during the Gilded Age

Scientific Management

Also known as Taylorism, created by Frederick Taylor, it was a method of saving time through organizing people in the most efficient manner. Many thought this idea should be applied to the government in order to make it more efficient and limit waste.

Niagara Movement

Led by W. E. B. Du Bois, this was a group of black intellectuals who organized and planned protests.

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

A group formed by many from the Niagara Movement, it aimed to abolish all forms of segregation and to increase educational opportunities for African American children.

Roosevelt’s Presidency

The first of the three progressive presidents, and the most militaristic of the three. He did many influential things during his presidency, such as the Square Deal, Consumer Protection, and the Conservation of Natural Resources

Square Deal

A compromise between a Union Leader and Coal Mine Owners formed by Teddy Roosevelt. It essentially said that the mine owners had to increase wages by 10% and limit workdays to 9 hours long, but they did not have to recognize the union.

Roosevelt’s Trust Busting

Citing the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, which prohibited the formation of trusts but was not commonly followed, this president took antitrust action against over 40 “bad trusts”, while regulating the “good trusts”

Roosevelt’s Railroad Regulation

Roosevelt passed two laws that strengthened the powers of the ICC (Interstate Commerce Committee): The Elkins Act, which gave the ICC a greater authority to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers, and the Hepburn Act, which allowed the ICC to fix “just and reasonable” rates for railroads.

Consumer Protection

Thanks to horrifying details unearthed by Upton Sinclair in The Jungle, Roosevelt passed two laws that attempted to help keep the consumer from consuming dangerous products: the Pure Food and Drug Act, which forbade the manufacture, sale, and transportation of adulterated or mislabeled foods/drugs, and the Meat Inspection Act, which provides that federal inspectors shall visit meatpacking plants to ensure they have met minimum sanitation standards.

Conservation Efforts

Being a lover of the wilderness, Roosevelt passed and supported many acts which helped conservation. These included usage of the Forest Reserve Act of 1891 to set aside 150 million acres of land as national reserves, the Newlands Reclamation Act, which provided money from the sale of public lands for irrigation projects in western states, and the hosting of the White House Conference, which promoted coordinated conservation planning to the federal and state governments.

Taft’s Presidency

This second progressive president had a heavy focus on economy, and had policies which included the Dollar Diplomacy and overall increased economic policy

Mann-Elkins Act of 1910

Gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to suspend new railroad rates and to oversee telephone/telegraph companies

16th Amendment

Ratified by the states in 1913, it allowed the government to collect an income tax.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Despite a promise from Taft that tariffs would be lowered, this raised the tariff on most imports, thereby leading Progressives to accuse Taft of betraying their cause.

Split in the Republican Party

After the Payne\~Aldrich Tariff and the firing of Pinchot, caused by Pinchot criticizing a Taft cabinet member, Conservative Republicans and Progressive Republicans began to split.

Wilson’s Presidency

The 3rd progressive president, he focused on morals much more than the other progressives. He was the only democratic progressive president. He did many important things, such as reducing tariffs and reforming the banking system.

Underwood Tariff

Passed by Wilson in 1913, it substantially lowered tariffs for the first time in over 50 years.

Banking Reforms

Wilson wanted to vastly improve the banking system of America, so he passed various acts to do this: the Federal Reserve Board was a board appointed by the president that would supervise a new national banking system with 12 district banks, and the Federal Reserve Act provided stability and flexibility to the US financial system by regulating interest rates and the capital reserves required of banks.

Sparks of WWI

The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which led to the formation of Triple Alliance and Triple Entente

Triple Alliance/Central Powers

Alliance in WWI which included Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Triple Entente/Allied Powers

Alliance in WWI which included Great Britain, France, and Russia

Sinking of the Lusitania

This passenger ship that entered a German War Zone was sunk by a UBoat, thereby killing over 100 American people. This was one of the main reasons for the US joining the war

German Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

U.S. threatened to cut diplomatic ties with Germany if they did not stop sinking civilian ships. This was another cause of US involvement in the war

Zimmerman Telegram

A German note was sent to Mexico that offered to start a war with the US, and in turn Germany would help Mexico regain New Mexico and Arizona. This was a primary reason for the US joining WWI

US Declaration of War

Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war, which was granted on April 2nd, 1917.

American Expeditionary Force

A formation of the United States Armed Forces led by John Pershing on the Western Front during World War I. This American involvement tipped the war in the Allies favor.

Treaty of Versailles

This treaty ended WWI. Most of the Allies wanted Germany to suffer and pay for the war, but Wilson was aware that Europe needed a strong Germany. Despite Wilson’s points, the Allies still hammered Germany with punishments anyway.

Wilson’s 14 Points

Main points included the Freedom of Seas, the Self Determining of Nations, and the League of Nations.

Total War

A country, in this case the United States,

mobilized much of its economic, industrial, and social resources in order to win a war, namely WWI

The War Industries Board

A board that ensured that factories would continue to pump out war supplies.

Food Administration

Ensured that food production was sufficient both overseas and on the homefront.

Espionage and Sedition Acts

Two laws that restricted Civil Liberties in the sense that they made it illegal to oppose the war, interfere with the draft, or say anything disloyal about the war effort. Many felt these acts were an attack on Civil Liberties.

Schenck v. United States

A court case that decided to uphold the Espionage and Sedition Acts, essentially meaning that they were constitutional, despite the outrage from the people.

The Red Scare

A growing anti\~communist sentiment in the US beginning in 1919, which led to a spike in xenophobia.

Xenophobia

Fear and distrust of those from other countries

Palmer Raids

J. Edgar Hoover tasked individuals to gather information on “radicals,” leading to over 6000 people being arrested on limited evidence from November 1919 to January 1920.

Limitations on Immigration

Acts such as the National Origins Act and the Emergency Quota Act, the continuous presence of nativism, and the introduction of literacy tests led to extremely low acceptance for new immigrants.

Great Migration

A large population of southern African Americans migrated to the urban industrial areas of the north in order to escape the Jim Crow Laws and find new jobs. While the north was not completely absent of racism, legal systems were more favorable for African Americans in this region.

Henry Ford

The mass producer of many automobiles, most notably the Model T. He created the assembly line, which was able to make automobiles affordable to almost everyone

Frederick Taylor

Creator of scientific management (Taylorism) which was used to create efficiency in assembly line work

Advertising

This played an integral part in creating the consumer culture of the 1920s. Sigmund Freud’s ideas helped the people who ran these to tap into the consumer’s subconscious.

Sigmund Freud

A neurologist whose ideas helped tap into the subconscious of consumers in the field of advertising.

Radio and Cinema

Very popular at this time due to entertainment shows. The Jazz Singer was the first film to have synchronized music and sound, thereby ending the silent film era.

New Opportunities for Women

Nursing and Teaching jobs opened up for women in urban areas. Meanwhile, some worked unskilled labor jobs and were paid much less than men for the same job

Flappers

A symbol of women’s liberation in the 1920s, they wore short hair, drank, smoked and showed more skin than was conventional

Immigration to the US in the 1920s

After WWI, a sudden influx of immigrants from Eastern Europe and Asia. This was met with nativism and efforts to protect native born citizens since workers feared they would lose their jobs to immigrants working lower wages.

Emergency Quota Act

Limited the immigrant population to 3% or less

National Origins Act

Further limited immigration to the United States

Harlem Renaissance

Revival of the Arts and Intellectual Pursuits of the Migrated Black population

Jazz

Popular musicians of this new genre include Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong

Authors of the Harlem Renaissance

These included Langston Hughes and Claude McKay.

Lost Generation Authors

This generation had writers such as F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway

Urban Protestants (Modernists)

People with a faith large enough to embrace a changing culture of gender roles and Darwin's evolution

Rural Protestants (Fundamentalists)

People with much more rigid beliefs who believe every word of the Bible was to be taken literally

Scopes Monkey Trial

In Tennessee it was illegal to teach Darwinism. John Scopes did it anyway. Entire country watched the trial unfold. Scopes was convicted but conviction was overturned on a technicality. Takeaway was that modernism had finally been proven over fundamentalism

Causes of the Great Depression

Farmers overproduced and owed a lot of money along with high tariffs. Stock Market during the 20s was artificially high due to Buying on Margin or Speculation. People borrowed money to buy these stocks. Led to Black Tuesday October 29, 1929

Hawley Smoot Tariff

Made it extremely difficult to sell excess products, and was one of the leading causes of the Great Depression.

Black Tuesday

The day that the Stock Market crashed on October 29, 1929, which lead into the Great Depression.

Hoovervilles

Named this as a slight at president Hoover whose laissez faire economic policy forbade government intervention in private business, these were “towns” filled with people who had to foreclose their home.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

The opponent of Hoover, he ran with heavy governmental intervention. He won the election of 1932 in a landslide.

Limited Welfare State

The government was going to take responsibility for the social and economic welfare of its citizens

Three Rs of Roosevelt’s New Deal

Relief for the Unemployed, Recovery for Businesses, and Reform for Economic Institutions

Public Works Administration

Employed americans to build federal infrastructure

Tennessee Valley Authority

Created power plants and controlled flooding

Civilian Conservation Corps

Dealt with Soil conservation and forestry

National Industrial Recovery Act

Established a set of codes agreed upon by labor division and owners, including shorter work hours, minimum wage, regulation of prices