bio unit 2

cell

basic unit of life

cell membrane

seperates the inside of the cell from the outside world; encompasses cytoplasm

cytoplasm

inside of the cell membrane; everything inside of the cell but does NOT include what is in the nucleus

cytosol

the fluid of the cell between organelles

all cells have:

cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic information, & ribosomes

ribosomes

produce protein from rna; location of protein synthesis

eukaryotic cell

cell that has membrane bound organelles

nuclear membrane

organelle that surrounds the genetic information of the cell

free ribosomes

ribosomes floating in the cell, as compared to connected to the ER

rough ER

parts of the ER in which ribosomes are attached

smooth ER

parts of the ER where ribosomes are not attached. it synthesizes carbs, lipids, & steroid hormones; stores calcium ions; and detoxifies medications/poisons

golgi body

packages proteins so they can be used outside of the cell. looks similar to the ER, but detached from the nuclear membrane.

mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell; ATP produced here

chloroplasts

present in plant of algae cells to do photosynthesis

vacuole

contins water & enzymes and is used as storage compartment.

lysosomes

a compartment that contains enzymes useful for lysing; acts as recycling center for cells

lysing

breaking down waste products as the cell lives or foreign substances

peroxisomes

carry out chemical reactions called oxidation reactions & produce hydrogen peroxide

nuclear pores

a tunnel through the double lipid bilayer that is made up of proteins. this is where chromatin/mRNA inside the layer make their way outside

perinuclear space

space between the inner and outer nuclear membrane

transitional ER

specialized smooth area in which proteins exit the rough ER on their way to the golgi apparatus

vesicle

a protein (or other) that is being transported around a cell with its own membrane

transition ER

place where proteins are budded off into vesicles

endomembrane system

group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package & transport lipids and proteins

lumen

space inside of the discs and tubules of the ER

sarcoplasmic reticulum

specialized smooth ER in muscle cells that is responsible for storage of calcium ions

cis face

side of the golgi apparatus that receives proteins

trans face

opposite side of the cis face in the golgi apparatus

phagocytosis

process in which section of the macrophage’s plasma membrane folds inward to engulf a pathogen

large central vacuole

in plants, stores water and wastes, isolates bad materials, & has enzymes that can break down macromolecules and cellular components

porins

form holes in the outer membrane of mitochondria and allow small molecules to pass through

crista

folds within the inner membrane of the mitochondria that increase surface area

inter membrane

the in-between of the inner and outer membrane of a mitochondria

matrix

area in the inner membrane of mitochondria

photosynthesis

light energy is collected and used to build sugars from co2

thylakoids

membrane discs in the center of the chloroplast; contain chlorophyll

grana

interconnected stacks of thylakoids

stroma

fluid surround thylakoids

pseudopod

projection from the main part of the cell, “false foot”

cilia

hairlike structure that move in unison to allow the microorganism to move around or move other things around

flagellum

large “tail” used by cells to move around instead of cilia

phospholipids

lipids that involve a phosphate group; have a hydrophobic tail but a hydrophilic head

amphipathic

molecules with a hydrophobic/philic duality

fluid mosaic model

model that proposes that the plasma membrane is a mosaic of components that move freely and fluidly in the plane of the membrane

micelle

small, single layered sphere that is formed if the phospholipids have small tails

liposome

a hollow droplet of bilayer membrane that is formed if the phospholipids have bulkier tails

transmembrane proteins

proteins that go all the way across the membrane

integral proteins

interact with one part of the bilayer; integrated in the membrane

glycolipids

lodges itself into the membrane because of its lipid end (its hydrophobic), but the other end is a chain of sugars are hydrophilic that sit outside of the cell

peripheral proteins

sit on the outside of the cell. they are easy to attach and remove themselves from the cell membrane, while integral proteins are not

lipid bound protein

rare type of protein that are stuck on the interior of the membrane and can’t interact with the outside of inside of the membrane. no essential purpose

channel protein

type of integral protein; lets things pass through into or out of the cell. do not require energy

carrier protein

type of integral protein; carries substances into the cell & protects them while they enter. go against concentration gradient and sometimes use energy

glycoprotein

chain of sugars that can exist on integral, peripheral, lipid-bound, channel, or carrier proteins. used in signaling

glycolipids

carbs bound to lipids

cholesterol

lipid embedded among phospholipids of the membrane; helps minizme effect of temp on fluidity

semi-permeability

the property of a cell in which it can determine what enters or leaves the cell

self assembly

assembling characteristics of the phosphate heads to face the watery environment and the tails hide from the water between layers of the heads

passive diffusion

small non polar molecules are able to pass through the cell membrane

cholesterol

found on the cell membrane & inserts itself between phospholipids, serving as a buffer that maintains fluidity of cell membrane

cell wall

sits on top of the cellular membrane and is made up of fibers of polysaccharides. present in plant cells

middle lamella

space between cells right above the cell wall

plasmodesmata

direct tunnels between adjacent plant cells

extracellular matrix

complex meshwork of proteins and carbs made by the release of materials into the extracellular space by animal cells

collagen

major component of extracellular matrix

integrins

proteins that are embedded in the plasma membrane that anchor the cell to the extracellular matrix as well as help the cell sense its environment

fibroconectin

proteins in the extracellular matrix that act as bridges between integrity and other extracellular matrix proteins

passive transport

type of transport that doesn't require energy and goes with gradient (move down concentration gradient)

concentration gradient

region of space where the concentration of a substance changes

active transport

type of transport that requires energy and goes against the gradient

phagocytosis

cell eating; process of engulfing a large substance to be transported into a cell

pinocytosis

cell drinking; a form of endocytosis in which a cell takes in small amounts of extracellular fluid

endocytosis

general term for various types of active transport that move particles into a cell by enclosing them in a vesicle made out of plasma membrane

exocytosis

form of bulk transport in which materials are transported form the inside to the outside of the cell in membrane bound vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane

“kiss-and-run” model

vesicles that fuse with the edge of the cell only to release their contents (do not completely fuse)

bulk transport mechanisms

large particles are moved across the cell membrane

receptor-mediated endocytosis

a form of endocytosis in which receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule

transmembrane proteins

receptor proteins used in receptor-mediated endocytosis. cluster in regions of the plasma membrane known as coated pits

faciliated diffusion

molecules that diffuse across the plasma membrane with help from membrane proteins

aquaporin

channel protein for water

channel proteins

span the membrane and make hydrophilic tunnels across it, allowing their molecules to pass through by diffusion

carrier protein

change their shape to move a target molecule from side of the membrane to another

electrical gradient

a plasma membrane with a difference in charge

membrane potential

an electrical potential difference (voltage) across their cell membrane

electrochemical gradient

combinatoin of concentration gradient and voltage that affects an ion’s movement; source of potential energy

sodium potassium pump

establishes resting membrane potential. pumps sodium ions out of the cell against its concentration gradient and potassium ions into the cell. primary active transport and only in animal cells

atpase

an enzyme used to break up atp

electrogenic pumps

involved in the establishment and maintenance of membrane voltages

proton pump

replacement of sodium-potassium pump in plant cells. only pumps protons in 1 direction, out of cell against their gradient

secondary active trasnport

uses an electrochemical gradient generated by active transport as an energy source to move molecules against their gradient

symporter

facilitates the transport of 2 or more molecule across a cell membrane in the same direction; one is against its concentration gradient & the other is with its concentration gradient

antiporter

faciliates the transport of molecules across a cell membrane in the opposite directions

primary active transport

directly uses a source of chemical energy to move molecules across a membrane against their gradient

solvent

the substance that dissolves another; usually there is more of in a container

solution

the substance that gets dissolved

diffusion

the spreading of molecules from high concentration to low concentration

concentratoin

how many molecules you can have per unit of space

hypertonic

solution with higher concentration

hypotonic

solution with lower concentration

osmosis

diffusion of water (usually as solvent) through a semipermeable membrane from low concentration to high