Week 7 / chapter 8 - IQ

Intelligence

The capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges. Intelligence is evolving, not fixed or purely innate.

Alfred Binet

Creator of the first IQ test; equated intelligence with school success.

IQ Formula

IQ = (Mental Age / Chronological Age) x 100

Mental Age

The age level at which a person performs intellectually compared to average scores.

Deviation IQ

A modern IQ score calculated by comparing an individual to same-age peers rather than using mental/chronological age.

Norm-Referenced Test

A test in which performance is compared to the same-age peers from a norming sample.

Mean IQ Score

100

Standard Deviation of IQ

15

IQ vs Academic Achievement

IQ measures potential ability; academic achievement measures how well ability is implemented in school.

Stanford-Binet 5th Edition (SB5)

A standardized intelligence test for ages 2–85+ with 10 subtests measuring fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory.

SB5 Norm Sample

4,800 individuals ages 2–85.

WISC

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; for ages 6–16 years 11 months.

WAIS

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; for ages 16–90 years 11 months.

Wechsler Subtest Categories

Verbal Comprehension, Visual Spatial, Fluid Reasoning, Working Memory, Processing Speed.

Wechsler Norm Sample

Approximately 2,200 individuals.

Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC-II)

A flexible intelligence test (ages 3–18) focusing on integration of information and step-by-step thinking.

Reliability

The consistency of test results over time.

Validity

Whether a test actually measures what it claims to measure.

Group vs Individual Testing

Group testing is less accurate due to distractions and limited questioning; individual testing provides more accurate assessment.

IQ as Predictor

IQ predicts school performance fairly well but is less predictive of life success when education is controlled.

Fluid Intelligence

The ability to process new information using reasoning and memory; “street smart.”

Crystallized Intelligence

The ability to store and apply learned knowledge and skills; “book smart.”

Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

The theory that intelligence consists of eight specialized abilities rather than one general intelligence.

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

Intelligence consists of three parts: componential, experiential, and contextual.

Componential Intelligence

Cognitive processes used to solve problems.

Experiential Intelligence

Ability to use past experiences to handle new situations.

Contextual Intelligence

Ability to adapt to new environments and situations.

Practical Intelligence

Sternberg’s concept of intelligence gained through observing and modeling behavior.

Emotional Intelligence

The ability to evaluate, express, and regulate emotions.

Developmental Quotient (DQ)

A measure comparing an infant’s developmental level to peers in motor, language, adaptive, and social skills.

Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development

Assessment measuring development from 2 to 42 months.

Infant Processing Speed

Early information-processing speed that correlates with later intelligence.

Cross-Modal Transference

The ability to recognize a stimulus across different senses.

Achievement Test

A test measuring current knowledge in a specific area.

Aptitude Test

A test predicting future ability in a particular area or career.

Least Restrictive Environment

The educational setting most similar to that of children without special needs.

Mainstreaming

Incorporating students with disabilities into general education classrooms as much as possible.

Full Inclusion

Students with disabilities remain in general education classrooms full time.

Intellectual Disability

A condition characterized by significant cognitive and adaptive limitations.

Mild Intellectual Disability

IQ 50–55 to 70.

Moderate Intellectual Disability

IQ 35–40 to 50–55.

Severe Intellectual Disability

IQ 20–25 to 35–40.

Profound Intellectual Disability

IQ below 20–25.

Prevalence of Intellectual Disability

Approximately 1–3% of the school-age population.

Familial Intellectual Disability

Intellectual disability that runs in families.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A potential cause of intellectual disability due to prenatal alcohol exposure.

Most Common Level of Intellectual Disability

Mild intellectual disability (about 90% of cases).