World H SG

Scientific Revolution

A period that encouraged questioning traditional beliefs and emphasized the use of reason and observation.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement that applied reason to societal issues like government and human rights.

The Scientific Revolution encouraged people to question traditional beliefs and use reason and observation to understand the world. This led to the Enlightenment, where thinkers applied reason to society, government, and human right

How does the Scientific Revolution lead to the Enlightenment?

Social Contract

The idea that people give up certain rights to ensure collective security.

Hobbes

Philosopher who believed people are inherently greedy and that life is too hard for them to be good.

Locke

Philosopher who believed people are inherently reasonable and moral.

Philosophe

French term for philosophers who advocated for reason and justice during the Enlightenment.

Voltaire

French writer known for criticizing the government and Church, and for advocating for free speech and religion.

Montesquieu

Philosopher who criticized absolute monarchy and advocated for separation of powers.

Diderot

Philosopher who produced a comprehensive 28-volume work known as The Encyclopedia.

Rousseau

Philosopher who believed that people are inherently good and that society corrupts natural innocence.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Early advocate for women's rights, argued for equal education for women.

Adam Smith

Scottish philosopher known for his book 'The Wealth of Nations', which outlines capitalism.

Laissez Faire

An economic philosophy of minimal government intervention in business.

Censorship

The suppression of information that might be considered objectionable or harmful.

American Revolution

A conflict from 1775 to 1783 in which the Thirteen American Colonies won independence from Great Britain.

Declaration of Independence

A document authored by Thomas Jefferson declaring the colonies' independence from Britain.

French Revolution

A major revolution that began in 1789, marked by the overthrow of the monarchy and demands for equality.

Louis XVI

King of France who was executed during the French Revolution for treason.

Jacques Necker

Financial advisor to Louis XVI who was dismissed, leading to public outcry.

Marquis de Lafayette

Nobleman who contributed to both the American and French Revolutions.

Estates General

A representative assembly in France made up of three social classes; convened for the first time in 175 years in 1789.

Ancien Regime

The political and social system in France before the Revolution, divided into three estates.

Deficit Spending

When a government spends more money than it collects in taxes.

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the Third Estate to create a new constitution, marking a key event in the French Revolution.

Storming of the Bastille

An attack on a prison in Paris on July 14, 1789, symbolizing the start of the French Revolution.

The Great Fear

A wave of panic and violence among the French peasantry in 1789.

Reign of Terror

A period during the French Revolution characterized by mass executions of perceived enemies.

Maximilian Robespierre

Radical leader during the French Revolution, played a key role during the Reign of Terror.

Guillotine

A device used for executions that became a symbol of the Reign of Terror.

Napoleon

Military leader who rose to power after the French Revolution and became emperor.

Napoleonic Code

A legal framework established under Napoleon that emphasized equality and property rights.

Reforms

Changes implemented to improve social and political systems, especially during and after revolutions.

Concert of Europe

An alliance of European powers established after Napoleon's defeat to maintain peace.

Entrepreneur

A person who starts and runs a business, taking on financial risks.

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership and the pursuit of profit.

Industrial Revolution

A period of major industrialization that transformed manufacturing processes.

Great Britain

The origin country of the Industrial Revolution, benefiting from resources and a strong economy.

Luddites

Workers who protested against industrialization by destroying machines.

Urbanization

The movement of people from rural areas to cities, particularly during the Industrial Revolution.

Standard of Living

The level of wealth and comfort that individuals or societies enjoy.

Communism

A political and economic ideology advocating for a classless society where property is commonly owned.

Socialism

An economic system where the government or community controls major industries to reduce inequality.

Tenements

Crowded and poorly built living spaces for workers in urban areas during the Industrial Revolution.

Karl Marx

Philosopher known for developing the theory of communism and co-authoring 'The Communist Manifesto'.

Textiles

Fabrics used for making clothing, significant during the early Industrial Revolution.

Stocks

Shares in a company that can be bought and sold, representing ownership.

Germ Theory

The theory that microorganisms cause diseases, significantly improving medical practices.

Zollverein

An economic union of German states that established free trade among them.

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian leader who unified Germany through a combination of diplomacy and military action.

Realpolitik

A political strategy focused on practical objectives rather than ideals.

Reich

German word for 'empire,' notably used when referring to the German Empire.

German unification

The process of unifying various German states under Prussian leadership in 1871.

Kulturkampf

Bismarck’s campaign to reduce the influence of the Catholic Church in Germany.

Italian Unification

The movement to unify various Italian states into one nation in the 19th century.

Nationalism in Europe

A sense of pride and unity among people of shared ethnicity or culture, leading to movements for independence.

Failing Empires

Empires like the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian that struggled due to nationalist movements.

Austria-Hungary

A dual monarchy in Central Europe that faced internal tensions due to nationalism.

New Imperialism

19th-century push by European nations to acquire territories, driven by competition for resources.

White Man’s Burden

The colonialist belief that Europeans had a moral obligation to civilize non-European peoples.

Direct Rule

A form of colonial governance where the colonizing country controls the colony directly.

Indirect Rule

A system where local rulers maintain their authority under the supervision of colonial powers.

Berlin Conference

An 1884 meeting of European nations to divide Africa for colonization without African representation.

King Leopold II

The Belgian king who controlled the Congo Free State, infamous for his brutal regime.

Entente

An agreement between countries to support each other; notably before WWI.

Militarism

The belief in building strong military forces to prepare for war.

Alsace and Lorraine

Territories annexed by Germany from France after the Franco-Prussian War, causing ongoing tensions.

Mobilize

To prepare military forces for war.

Neutrality

The state of not taking sides in a conflict, as seen in countries like Switzerland.

Stalemate

A situation in war where neither side can make progress; common in trench warfare.

Zeppelin

A type of airship used by Germany during WWI for reconnaissance and bombing missions.

Total War

A conflict where nations mobilize all available resources, impacting civilians and soldiers alike.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship sunk by a German submarine, influencing U.S. public opinion towards entering WWI.

Convoy

A group of ships that travel together for mutual protection during wartime.

Conscription

Compulsory enlistment for military service by the government.

Pandemic

An outbreak of disease that spreads across countries or continents, notably the 1918 flu pandemic.

Armistice

An agreement to stop fighting; WWI ended with an armistice on November 11, 1918.

Collective Security

The cooperation of several countries in an alliance to strengthen security against aggression.

United Nations

An international organization established after WWII to promote peace and cooperation among nations.

Propaganda

Information, often biased, used to promote a political cause or point of view.

Causes of WWI

The primary causes included militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism, culminating in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's military strategy to quickly defeat France before turning to fight Russia.

Allies

Classifications in WWI that included France, Britain, Russia, and later, the U.S.

Central Powers

The alliance in WWI consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.

Trench Warfare

A type of combat where soldiers fought from deep trenches, leading to stalemates and high casualties.

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty that officially ended WWI, imposing heavy penalties on Germany.

WWI Death Tolls

The conflict resulted in approximately 16 million deaths and even more injuries.

Welfare State

A form of government in which the state assumes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens.

Great Depression

A severe worldwide economic downturn that started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s.

Franklin D. Roosevelt, the U.S. president who led the country through the Great Depression and WWII

Who led US through WWII

New Deal

A series of domestic programs enacted by FDR to aid economic recovery.

Dust Bowl

A series of severe dust storms in the 1930s that damaged agriculture in the U.S.

Jazz

A genre of music that originated in the African American communities of the U.S.

Russian Revolution

A series of revolutions in 1917 that led to the overthrow of the czar and the establishment of a communist government.

Lenin

Leader of the Russian Revolution and the first head of the Soviet state.

Stalin

Soviet leader who succeeded Lenin, known for his totalitarian rule and widespread purges.

Gulag

Labor camps in the Soviet Union where many prisoners perished due to harsh conditions.

Soviet Union

A socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 until its dissolution in 1991.

Nazi

A member of the National Socialist German Workers' Party led by Adolf Hitler.

Hitler

Nazi leader responsible for initiating WWII and orchestrating the Holocaust.