World H SG

How does the Scientific Revolution lead to the Enlightenment? The Scientific Revolution encouraged people to question traditional beliefs and use reason and observation to understand the world. This led to the Enlightenment, where thinkers applied reason to society, government, and human rights

Natural Laws- rights that belong to all humans from

birth Life, Liberty, Property

Social Contract- give up rights to ensure security

Hobbes- Believed people are inherently greedy and life is to hard and short for them to be good

Locke- Believed people are inherently reasonable and moral

Philosophe- philosophers

Voltaire- was a French writer who used satire to criticize the government and the Church. He strongly supported freedom of speech and religion

Montesquieu- Criticized the absolute monarchy

Diderot- produced a 28 volume set of books called The Encyclopedia

Rousseau- believed that people are inherently good, but natural innocence was corrupted by society

Mary Wollstonecraft- Grandmother of Mary Shelly (ff)•Vindication of Rights of Women, called for equal education of Women •Argued that only education could give women the tools to participate equally in public life

Adam Smith – Scottish Philosopher, wrote the wealth of nations

Laissez Faire- lead the moderate militia called the National Guard

Censorship- restricting access to ideas and information

American Revolution

Thomas Jefferson- wrote the Declaration of Independence

Declaration of Independence- written by Thomas Jefferson
French Revolution
The French Revolution began in 1789 when the people overthrew the monarchy and demanded equality, liberty, and fraternity. It was influenced by Enlightenment ideas and growing economic hardship.

Louis XVI
Louis XVI was the king of France during the French Revolution. He was executed for treason after trying to escape and resisting reforms.

Jacques Necker
Jacques Necker was Louis XVI’s financial advisor who wanted to reform taxes and reduce spending. The king fired him, which angered the public.

Marquis de Lafayette
Lafayette was a nobleman who supported both the American and French Revolutions. He led the National Guard and supported moderate reforms.

Estates General
The Estates General was a meeting of representatives from France’s three social classes. It hadn’t been called in 175 years before the French Revolution began.

Ancien Regime
The Ancien Régime was the old political and social system in France. It divided people into three estates: clergy, nobility, and commoners.

Deficit Spending
Deficit spending is when a government spends more money than it collects in taxes. This caused economic problems in France before the revolution.

Tennis Court Oath
The Tennis Court Oath was a promise made by the Third Estate to create a new constitution. It was a key moment in the early stages of the French Revolution.

Storming of the Bastille – July 14, 1789
The storming of the Bastille was when angry citizens attacked a prison in Paris, looking for weapons. It marked the start of the French Revolution and is now celebrated as France’s national holiday.

The Great Fear
The Great Fear was a wave of panic and violence in the countryside during the early revolution. Peasants attacked nobles’ homes and destroyed records of their debts.

How did France’s social divisions in the late 1700s contribute to the Revolution?
France’s rigid class system placed the burden of taxes on the poorest citizens, while the wealthy paid little. This unfair system caused resentment and demand for change.

Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror was a violent time during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for being “enemies of the revolution.” It was led by Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety.

Maximilian Robespierre
Robespierre was a radical leader during the French Revolution. He led the Reign of Terror and believed terror was necessary to protect the revolution.

Guillotine
The guillotine was a device used to execute people quickly and was seen as a more “humane” method. It became a symbol of the Reign of Terror.

Napoleon
Napoleon was a military leader who rose to power after the French Revolution and became emperor. He built a strong empire but was eventually defeated and exiled.

Why was the Committee of Public Safety allowed to terrorize France during the Reign of Terror?
The Committee was given emergency powers to protect the revolution from enemies. Fear and chaos allowed them to justify violence to maintain control.

Napoleonic Code
The Napoleonic Code was a set of laws that gave France a clear legal system. It emphasized equality, property rights, and religious freedom, but limited women’s rights.

Reforms
Reforms are changes made to improve political or social systems. During and after the French Revolution, many reforms were made to promote equality and modernize government.

Concert of Europe
The Concert of Europe was an alliance of European powers after Napoleon’s fall. Its goal was to maintain peace and balance of power in Europe.

How did the turmoil of France lead to Napoleon’s rise to power?
The chaos of the revolution and the weak government that followed created a power vacuum. Napoleon used his military success and popularity to take control and stabilize France.

Entrepreneur
An entrepreneur is a person who starts and runs a business, taking on financial risks. Entrepreneurs were key figures during the Industrial Revolution.

Capitalism
Capitalism is an economic system where private individuals own businesses and make profits. It’s based on competition and supply and demand.

Capital
Capital is money or resources used to invest in a business. It can be used to buy equipment, pay workers, or expand production.

Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was a period of major change when machines began to replace hand tools. It led to the growth of factories, cities, and new inventions.

Great Britain
Great Britain was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution because of its natural resources, wealthy investors, and strong navy. It quickly became a world power.

Luddites
The Luddites were workers who destroyed machines they believed were taking their jobs. They protested the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution.

Urbanization
Urbanization is the movement of people from the countryside to cities. It increased rapidly during the Industrial Revolution as people looked for factory work.

Standard of Living
Standard of living refers to the level of wealth, comfort, and access to goods and services people have. It often improved for some during the Industrial Revolution, but many still lived in poverty.

Communism
Communism is a political and economic system where all property is publicly owned. It aims to create a classless society where everyone shares wealth equally.

Socialism
Socialism is an economic system where the government or people as a group own major industries. It seeks to reduce inequality and ensure basic needs are met.

Tenements
Tenements were crowded, poorly built apartment buildings where many factory workers lived. They often lacked clean water and were unsafe.

Karl Marx
Karl Marx was a German philosopher who believed capitalism was unfair. He co-wrote The Communist Manifesto and promoted communism.

Textiles
Textiles are fabrics used to make clothes and other goods. The textile industry was one of the first to be transformed by machines during the Industrial Revolution.

Stocks
Stocks are shares in a company that people can buy and sell. Owning a stock means owning a small part of that company.

Germ Theory
Germ theory is the idea that microscopic organisms cause diseases. It changed how doctors approached medicine and led to better hygiene and vaccines.

Zollverein
The Zollverein was an economic union of German states that allowed free trade among them. It helped promote unity before Germany officially became one nation.

Otto von Bismarck
Bismarck was the leader who unified Germany through war and diplomacy. He used a strategy called Realpolitik to put the needs of the state above all.

Realpolitik
Realpolitik is a political strategy focused on practical goals instead of ideals. Leaders using it make tough decisions to gain power and success.

Reich
Reich is the German word for “empire.” The Second Reich was the name given to the German Empire after it was unified in 1871.

German unification
German unification happened in 1871 when many independent states joined under Prussian leadership. Bismarck played a major role in making this happen.

Kulturkampf
Kulturkampf means “culture struggle” and was Bismarck’s effort to reduce the influence of the Catholic Church in Germany. It caused conflict between the state and the Church.

Italian Unification
Italian unification was the process of bringing together many small states into one nation. Leaders like Garibaldi and Cavour helped unite Italy in the 1800s.

Nationalism in Europe
Nationalism is pride in one’s nation or culture and the belief in self-rule. In Europe, it inspired unification and independence movements.

Failing Empires
Failing empires like the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires struggled to keep control over many different ethnic groups. Nationalist movements weakened them over time.

Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary was a dual monarchy made up of many ethnic groups. Nationalism and tension within it led to instability and eventually WWI.

New Imperialism
New Imperialism was the late 1800s push by European countries to colonize Africa and Asia. It was driven by a desire for resources, markets, and power.

White Man’s Burden
The “White Man’s Burden” was a racist idea that Europeans had a duty to civilize non-European people. It was often used to justify imperialism.

Direct Rule
Direct rule is when a colonial power sends its own officials to govern a colony. It often ignored the local culture and traditions.

Indirect Rule
Indirect rule is when colonial powers used local rulers to enforce their policies. It was cheaper and caused less resistance than direct rule.

Berlin Conference
The Berlin Conference was a meeting of European powers in 1884 to divide Africa for colonization. African leaders were not invited.

King Leopold II
Leopold II of Belgium ruled the Congo as his private colony. His brutal policies led to the deaths of millions of Africans.

Entente
An entente is a friendly agreement between countries. Before WWI, countries formed ententes to strengthen alliances and prepare for war.

Militarism
Militarism is the belief in building up strong armed forces to prepare for war. It increased tensions in Europe before WWI.

Alsace and Lorraine
Alsace and Lorraine were territories fought over by France and Germany. Germany took them after the Franco-Prussian War, which made France angry.

Mobilize
To mobilize means to prepare troops and supplies for war. Countries did this quickly at the start of WWI.

Neutrality
Neutrality means not taking sides in a conflict. Some countries, like Switzerland, remained neutral during WWI.

Stalemate
A stalemate is when neither side can win or make progress. Trench warfare caused a long stalemate on the Western Front in WWI.

Zeppelin
A zeppelin was a large airship used by Germany in WWI for bombing and scouting. It was filled with gas and could fly long distances.

Total War
Total war is when a country uses all its resources for war, affecting soldiers and civilians. Governments took control of factories, rationed food, and used propaganda.

Lusitania
The Lusitania was a British passenger ship sunk by a German submarine in 1915. American deaths on board helped push the U.S. toward entering WWI.

Convoy
A convoy is a group of ships traveling together for protection. During WWI, the Allies used convoys to defend against German submarines.

Conscription
Conscription is when a government forces people to join the military. It was used in many countries during both world wars.

Pandemic
A pandemic is a disease outbreak that spreads across many countries. The 1918 flu pandemic killed millions after WWI.

Armistice
An armistice is an agreement to stop fighting. WWI ended on November 11, 1918, with an armistice between the Allies and Germany.

Collective Security
Collective security means nations agree to protect each other from aggression. The League of Nations was based on this idea.

United Nations
The United Nations is an international organization formed after WWII to promote peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.

Propaganda
Propaganda is biased information used to influence people’s opinions. Governments used it during war to gain support and demonize the enemy.

Causes of WWI
The main causes of WWI were militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand triggered the war.

Schlieffen Plan
The Schlieffen Plan was Germany’s strategy to quickly defeat France before fighting Russia. It failed and led to a long, two-front war.

Allies
The Allies in WWI included France, Britain, Russia, and later the U.S. They fought against the Central Powers.

Central Powers
The Central Powers in WWI were Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. They lost the war.

Trench Warfare
Trench warfare was a type of fighting where soldiers lived and fought in deep trenches. It caused long stalemates and high casualties.

Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles ended WWI in 1919. It blamed Germany for the war and forced it to pay reparations and lose territory.

WWI Death Tolls
WWI caused about 16 million deaths and even more injuries. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history.

Welfare State
A welfare state is a country where the government provides support for the sick, elderly, and unemployed. This idea grew stronger after the world wars.

Great Depression
The Great Depression was a worldwide economic crisis in the 1930s. Millions lost jobs, homes, and savings.

FDR
Franklin D. Roosevelt was the U.S. president during the Great Depression and WWII. He created the New Deal to help the economy recover.

New Deal
The New Deal was a set of programs by FDR to create jobs and support struggling Americans. It expanded the role of government.

Dust Bowl
The Dust Bowl was a period of severe dust storms in the 1930s. It ruined farmland in the central U.S. and forced many families to move.

Jazz
Jazz is a style of music that began in the U.S. with African American musicians. It became very popular during the 1920s.

Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution was when the Russian people overthrew the czar and established a communist government in 1917. It led to the creation of the Soviet Union.

Lenin
Vladimir Lenin led the Russian Revolution and became the first leader of the Soviet Union. He followed the ideas of Karl Marx.

Stalin
Joseph Stalin was a dictator who ruled the Soviet Union after Lenin. He used fear, violence, and propaganda to control the country.

Gulag
Gulags were Soviet labor camps where political prisoners were sent. Many people died from hard work, cold, and starvation.

Soviet Union
The Soviet Union was a communist nation made up of Russia and other territories. It was a major world power until it collapsed in 1991.

Nazi
The Nazis were a political party in Germany led by Adolf Hitler. They promoted nationalism, racism, and dictatorship.

Hitler
Adolf Hitler was the Nazi leader who became dictator of Germany. He started WWII and was responsible for the Holocaust.

Lebensraum
Lebensraum means “living space” and was Hitler’s idea that Germany needed more land. It was used to justify invading other countries.

Nuremberg Laws
The Nuremberg Laws were racist laws in Nazi Germany that took away Jewish rights. Jews couldn’t marry non-Jews or be citizens.

Kristallnacht
Kristallnacht, or the “Night of Broken Glass,” was when Nazis attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues. It was a violent warning of things to come.

Holocaust
The Holocaust was the Nazi plan to kill all Jews in Europe. About six million Jews and millions of others were murdered.

Benito Mussolini
Mussolini was the fascist leader of Italy during WWII. He used violence and fear to stay in power.

Black Shirts
The Black Shirts were Mussolini’s followers who used violence to intimidate opponents. They helped him gain control of Italy.

Fascists
Fascists believe in a strong, centralized government led by a dictator. They oppose democracy and individual freedoms.

Italy
Italy was a key Axis Power in WWII, led by fascist dictator Benito Mussolini. It later switched sides to join the Allies after Mussolini was overthrown.

Hideki Tojo
Hideki Tojo was the Prime Minister of Japan during WWII. He approved the attack on Pearl Harbor and led Japan through most of the war.

Japan
Japan was an Axis Power in WWII that sought to expand its empire in Asia. It surrendered in 1945 after the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Winston Churchill
Winston Churchill was the British Prime Minister during most of WWII. He is known for his strong leadership and speeches that inspired the British people.

Nevil Chamberlain
Nevil Chamberlain was the British Prime Minister before WWII. He is known for appeasing Hitler by signing the Munich Agreement.

European Theater
The European Theater refers to the part of WWII fought in Europe. Major battles occurred in France, Germany, and the Soviet Union.

Blitzkrieg
Blitzkrieg means “lightning war” and was a fast and powerful German military strategy. It used quick attacks with tanks, planes, and infantry to overwhelm enemies.

Pacific Theater
The Pacific Theater was the area of WWII fought between the Allies and Japan. Battles happened on islands across the Pacific Ocean.

Bataan Death March
After U.S. and Filipino troops surrendered to Japan, they were forced to march over 60 miles. Thousands died from starvation, illness, or execution.

Ending the War
WWII ended in Europe in May 1945 and in the Pacific in August 1945 after the atomic bombings. Germany and Japan both surrendered.

Berlin Airlift
In 1948–1949, the U.S. and its allies flew food and supplies into West Berlin after the Soviet Union blocked access. It showed resistance to Soviet pressure.

Repercussions of the War
WWII led to massive destruction, millions of deaths, and the start of the Cold War. Europe was divided between democracy and communism.

A-Bomb
The atomic bomb was a powerful nuclear weapon used by the U.S. on Japan. It caused huge destruction and ended WWII.

Cold War
The Cold War was a long period of tension between the U.S. and Soviet Union. It involved nuclear threats, propaganda, and proxy wars.

Communism
Communism is a system where all property is publicly owned, and there are no social classes. The Soviet Union followed this system.

Karl Marx
Karl Marx was a German philosopher who helped create communism. He believed workers would one day overthrow the capitalist system.

Capitalism
Capitalism is an economic system where people own businesses and property. It’s based on competition, supply and demand, and profit.

Socialism
Socialism is a system where the government or community owns major industries. It tries to reduce the gap between rich and poor.

Truman Doctrine
The Truman Doctrine was the U.S. policy to help countries resist communism. It gave military and financial support to Greece and Turkey.

Containment
Containment was the U.S. strategy to stop the spread of communism. It guided U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War.

Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan gave U.S. aid to help rebuild Western Europe after WWII. It also aimed to prevent the spread of communism.

Iron Curtain
The Iron Curtain was a symbolic division between communist Eastern Europe and democratic Western Europe during the Cold War.

Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall was built by East Germany to stop people from fleeing to West Berlin. It became a symbol of Cold War division.

NATO
NATO is a military alliance between the U.S., Canada, and European nations. It was created in 1949 to defend against the Soviet Union.

Propaganda
Propaganda is information used to promote a political idea or cause. Both sides used it during the Cold War to influence public opinion.

Mutually Assured Destruction
This is the idea that if two nuclear powers go to war, both would be destroyed. It kept the U.S. and Soviet Union from attacking each other.

United Nations
The United Nations is an international group that promotes peace and cooperation. It was created after WWII and replaced the League of Nations.

Military Industrial Complex
This is the relationship between a country's military and defense industries. Some fear it leads to more wars to benefit business.

Discrimination
Discrimination is unfair treatment of people based on race, gender, religion, or other traits. It has been a major issue in many societies.

Segregation
Segregation is the separation of people by race, often enforced by laws. It was common in the U.S. before the civil rights movement.

Welfare State
A welfare state is a system where the government provides services like healthcare, education, and financial aid. It aims to reduce poverty and inequality.

Margaret Thatcher
Margaret Thatcher was the first female Prime Minister of the UK. She supported free-market policies and reduced government involvement in the economy.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
GDP is the total value of goods and services produced by a country in one year. It is used to measure a country’s economy.

Fidel Castro
Fidel Castro led a communist revolution in Cuba and ruled for decades. He was a key figure during the Cold War.

John F. Kennedy
JFK was the U.S. President during the Cuban Missile Crisis. He also supported civil rights and started the space race.

Lindon B. Johnson
LBJ became president after JFK was killed. He passed civil rights laws and escalated U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.

Cuban Missile Crisis
In 1962, the U.S. and Soviet Union almost went to war over nuclear missiles in Cuba. The crisis ended with a peaceful agreement.

Vietnam War
The Vietnam War was a conflict between communist North Vietnam and U.S.-backed South Vietnam. It ended with communist victory in 1975.

Tet Offensive
The Tet Offensive was a surprise attack by North Vietnam in 1968. It shocked Americans and weakened support for the war.

Domino Theory
The Domino Theory was the belief that if one country fell to communism, nearby countries would too. It justified U.S. actions in Asia.

Ho Chi Minh
Ho Chi Minh was the communist leader of North Vietnam. He fought to unify Vietnam under communist rule.