Social Science - USAD 2025-2026 The Roaring Twenties (Need Proofread)

What are the two major upheavals of the Roaring Twenties?

World War I and the Great Depression

What two aspects of America's popular culture made major strides in the 1920s?

Hollywood and jazz

What are the three areas of mass innovations that rose in the 1920s?

communication, consumption, and entertainment

What New York Yankee baseball player rose to greatness during the 1920s?

Babe Ruth

What organization resurged as a result of racism and anti-Semitism?

Ku Klux Klan

What is referred to as the "noble experiment"? Why? Prohibition, because banning the sale of alcohol did nothing to stop people from making it and drinking it

Which year turned out to be a pivotal year for both the U.S. and the world?

1919

What was World War I's total casualties?

Over 37 million people.

What event occurred in 1919 that caused about 20 million deaths worldwide?

Global influenza, called the "Spanish flu".

When and where was one of the earliest outbreaks of the Spanish flu?

In 1918 at a troops training camp in Manhattan, Kansas.

How many Americans were killed during the pandemic of 1919?

How did it compare to those killed in World War I? times more than Americans killed in WWI.

What was exposed at the same time President Wilson proclaimed victory for world democracy?

Racial violence

What was Wilson's campaign slogan that helped him win reelection in 1916?

"He Kept Us Out of War"

What event took the lives of over 100 Americans in 1915?

Germany sank the British merchant ship, Lusitania.

What sparked Wilson to join in the war by 1917?

A secret telegram proposing a German alliance with Mexico

What event led to the declaration of armistice on November 11, 1918?

The Meuse-Argonne offensive

Who did President Wilson leave military strategic matters to?

His generals, including General John "Black Jack" Pershing

What is the name of document in which President Wilson outlined his post-war agenda?

Fourteen Points

What did the Fourteen Points plan include?

Independence for small nations, freedom of the seas, free trade, and an end to secret alliances.

What was the final item of the Fourteen Points plan?

A call for a "general association of nations" to work together peacefully to resolve international conflicts.

What did Wilson establish during negotiations with other world leaders?

The League of Nations

Why were both France and Britain not necessarily pleased with President Wilson's empowerment to dictate the peace terms?

They felt their countries suffered the most casualties, whereas the U.S. was virtually unscathed by the war.

What did the Treaty of Versailles formally do?

Assign Germany the sole blame for the outbreak of the war

Who were the 3 other world leaders who attended the Paris Peace Conference?

David Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy, and Georges Clemenceau of France 6, 1,

What challenge did President Wilson face after he signed the Versailles Peace Treaty?

Selling the treaty and the League of Nations to the American public and his Republican- controlled Congress

What was required in the U.S. in order for the Peace Treaty and the League of Nations to be effective?

The support of two-thirds of the Senate for it to be officially ratified by the U.S.

Who was the most outspoken leader of the opposition to ratifying the Peace Treaty and the League of Nations?

Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee's Republican chairman.

What name was given to the senators vowing to vote against the League?

Reservationists

Who were the "Irreconcilables"?

They had total and unqualified opposition to the Treaty and the League.

Who was one of the leaders of the "Irreconcilable"?

Senator William E. Borah of Idaho

When did Wilson submit the final version of the Treaty to the Senate, and what did he contend?

July 10, 1919, to oppose the League was to oppose progress itself.

What did Wilson do in order to persuade the nation to support the League?

He started a near 10,000-mile cross-country speaking tour in September 1919 over a three- week period.

What was Wilson's grueling schedule like on his cross-country trip?

How did this affect the president? He delivered speech after speech in large outdoor venues without a way to amplify his voice; the schedule impacted his already fragile health.

Where was Wilson's final speech given, and what was his message?

In Pueblo, Colorado; his message was that the American people always rise to extend their hand toward justice, liberty, and peace.

Who took control and managed the government's affairs when President Wilson suffered a stroke in October 1919?

His wife, Edith Wilson

What was the main reason for the Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the Constitution in 1967? What did it provide?

Wilson's ill health effectively left the U.S. without a leader. It outlines a procedure for a majority of the Cabinet and Vice-President to jointly declare presidential disability.

How did Wilson's isolation in the White House affect his resolve regarding the debate in Congress over the League?

He hardened his resolve against any compromise.

What was a "stunning rebuke" to Wilson?

The two defeats in the Senate to approve the Treaty, in November 1919, and again in March 1920.

Who was directly inspired by Wilson's vision of international affairs?

President Franklin D. Roosevelt

What new organization set up its headquarters in New York with the U.S. as one of its charter members? When?

The United Nations; 1945

How would the 1920s be marked as?

A retreat to isolationism caused by American disillusionment with World War I.

What events led to the erosion of civil liberties in the 1920s?

A walkout by shipyard workers in Seattle escalated into a general strike

What two unions united that worried business leaders and elected officials?

The AFL (American Federation of Labor) and the IWW (International Workers of the World).

What was the remarkable growth seen by the AFL over the first two decades of the 20th century?

Their membership grew from 500,000 to members from 1900 to 1919.

Which AFL leader observed an uneasy patriotic truce between unions and big business and the government?

Samuel Gompers

How did union workers feel post-war?

They wanted higher wages, shorter hours, and a right to collectively bargain with employers.

What event paralyzed mills from Pennsylvania and Colorado?

A strike by 365,000 steelworkers affiliated with the AA (Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel and Tin).

What other major strike occurred around the same time as the steelworkers' strike?

Police officers in Boston went on strike to protest the mayor's refusal to recognize their union.

Who declared that police didn't have the right to strike, and ultimately launched his career into the White House?

Massachusetts Governor Calvin Coolidge

Who was the man most responsible for the federal crackdown on organized labor and its extreme tactics?

Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer

What was the Red Scare?

Real and imagined subversives that threatened safeguards that protected civil liberties.

What event spurred Congress to pass the Espionage Act in 1917?

The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, where the Communist Party seized control of the Russian government.

What did the Espionage Act and the Sedition Act of 1918 do?

Proscribe a broad range of speech and protest critical of the government, the military, and the war effort.

What happened in 1919 that made the threat of radicalism real?

A series of domestic terrorist attacks

What happened when there was a failed dynamite attack on the Attorney General's home?

Congress funded the Justice Department by $500,000 to fight domestic terrorism and its backers.

What did Pennsylvania Congressman Palmer create?

The GID, General Intelligence Division, within the BOI, Bureau of Investigation

Who was named as the leader of the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)?

J. Edgar Hoover

How did the GID amass vast intelligence on suspected individuals, organizations, and publications?

With a state-of-the-art filing system

What did a coordinated raid on the Union of Russian Workers result in?

Confiscation of giant quantities of alleged propaganda materials and the arrest of 500 individuals.

How were foreign-born nationals who were charged with radical terrorism crimes treated?

They were immediately deported.

Who was Emma Goldman?

A famous anarchist who, along with other subversives, was loaded on a steamer bound for Soviet Russia in December 1919.

What was the catchall term used by Palmer to describe the most radical socialists, anarchists, and agitators who opposed the limitations of unionism?

Reds

How did Palmer promote the Red Scare to the American public?

By seeding newspapers with articles and cartoons warning people about the radical menace.

What did the federal government's zealous enforcement of the Espionage and Sedition Act lead to?

The attack and arrest of people who opposed the war or who advocated for political ideologies deemed un-American.

How did these arrests involve the Supreme Court in 1919?

Three significant cases reached the Supreme Court involving free speech.

Who was the Chief Justice who delivered the majority decision in Schenck v. United States?

Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.

What did Justice Oliver find regarding Schenck?

He ruled that his statements were not protected by free speech, and deemed them "a clear and present danger".

What was the Supreme Court's decision on Debs v United States? Why?

Unanimous decision against Debs, his speech against the draft hindered recruitment efforts, deeming him a criminal.

What were Jacob Abrams and his co-defendants prosecuted for?

For disseminating leaflets in New York City that called for a general strike to stop American intervention against the new Bolshevik government in Russia.

What was different about the Abrams v United States decision from the previous two cases involving free speech?

The other two were unanimous, whereas Abrams's decision was 7-2 in favor of the U.S.

How did Justice Holmes explain his vote against the majority of the other justices in Abrams v United States?

He pointed out that Abram's leaflet did not concern a combatant nation and rejected the notion that his statements posed an "immediate danger" to the U.S. government.

Who is pictured in the political cartoon? What is it about?

Eugene Debs, the defendant in the U.S. Supreme Court case, who ended up in jail but ran for president in the 1920 election. 13, 2,

What did Chief Justice Holmes champion for?

The free trade of ideas and warned Americans needed to be vigilant against attempts to check expression of opinions.

Which specific immigrants in the 1920s bore the brunt of nativist wrath and discrimination?

Ones from Southern and Eastern Europe.

Who were Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti?

Two Italian immigrants who were charged with the murder of a security guard during an armed robbery in Boston.

Why did the case of Sacco and Vanzetti make national attention?

While both men were anarchists, there was little evidence connecting them to the crime, and there was no political motive. Still, the prosecution focused on their status as immigrants and wrongly accused them of radical political ideology.

What happened to Sacco and Vanzetti despite protests against the alleged miscarriage of justice?

They were put to death by Massachusetts in 1927.

What was the Great Migration?

Over a million African Americans moved from their homes in the South to the North and western part of the U.S. from 1915 to 1920, in search of employment and a better life.

What was rampant in the South which particularly made many African Americans flee to the north and western U.S.?

The oppression of Jim Crow segregation and racial violence

What raised the demand for labor in northern industries?

The American entry to World War I in 1917

Why did African Americans face the added challenge of adjusting to urban living?

Most of them had been sharecroppers from rural states like Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama.

What are "Bronzeville", "Black Bottom", and "Harlem"?

Nicknames for distinctive African American neighborhoods in urban cities

What is term given to the explosion of African- American art, literature, and music in the 1920s?

The Harlem Renaissance

What style of music was born in the nightclubs, bars, cafes, and dance halls of New Orleans?

Jazz

What newspaper helped drive the exodus of African Americans to the northern states?

The Chicago Defender

Which jazz artist rose to fame in the early 1920s, not just in America, but across the world?

Louis Armstrong

What was the Charleston?

A frenetic dance with hundreds of steps, crossing hands and knees that became very popular in the 1920s.

Who were the "Harlem Hellfighters"?

The 369th Infantry Band, led by Lt. James Reese Europe that introduced jazz to European audiences during the war.

What dramatically improved the quality of jazz recordings, and what became an important medium for spreading jazz all over the world?

Electrical recording; radio

Who coined the phrase, "Red Summer"?

Civil Rights activist James Weldon Johnson

What were the major reasons behind the race riots in cities like Chicago in the 1920s?

Economic rivalry, white animosity toward the newly arrived Black migrants, and vigilante violence.

What sparked a seven-day riot that left 38 people dead and 500 injured in July 1919?

A young teen went swimming in Lake Michigan, and when he crossed the invisible line separating the designated Black swimming area, he was pelted with stones until he drowned. His murder and the police's refusal to arrest his assailants started the deadly riots.

Which Black veteran returned to find his African American neighborhood assaulted, mobbed, and chased by civilian members of the Home Defense League?

James Weldon Johnson

How did African Americans support Wilson's call to fight for democracy?

Over 400,000 African American men served in the U.S. military and purchased over 250 million dollars' worth of liberty bonds.

Who did many African Americans turn to during the turbulent times of social and political change?

Marcus Garvey, the founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

Who inspired the young Garvey, and to do what?

Booker T. Washington, to build a mass organization dedicated to rallying Black people's assertion to their independence.

What was Garvey's message to his people?

Denunciation of racial violence and proclaiming a new emancipation for the redemption of Africa from colonial rule.

What did Garvey call for African Americans to do?

Abandon their country and turn to the land of their ancestors: Africa.

How popular did Garvey's organization become by 1920?

Over 1000 branches across 38 states and 41 countries, with about 2 million members.

What was the name of the female auxiliary of the UNIA?

The Black Cross Nurses