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C+P Case Study
population of Whitechapel
30,000
number of homeless in Whitechapel
1000
why is Whitechapel heavily polluted
prevailing wind from the west carried smoke and stinking gas fumes
why did many women turn to prostitution
women weren’t preferred for manual labour and needed to make money
what was the majority of housing in Whitechapel
in overcrowded slum areas called ROOKERIES
common features of rookeries
overcrowded
dirty
disease
crime
example of a well-known rookery
Flower and Dean Street
how many lodgers and doss houses were there on Flower and Dean Street
902 lodgers staying in 31 doss houses
what source proves Flower and Dean Street has that many people and doss houses
1871 census
what was Flower and Dean Street like
yards built over
outside toilets; buckets used indoors which often spilled
reputation for thieves and prostitutes
how many people could there be in one apartment sharing beds
up to 30
in the 1881 census, what was the total population of Whitechapel, and what was the total number of occupied houses
total population 30,709 but only 4069 occupied houses
what was a lodging house
a rented bed in squalid conditions
what sleeping shifts did some lodging houses have and why
three eight hour sleeping shifts a day so beds could be used by the max people
number of lodging houses in Whitechapel at this time
over 200
how many people lived in lodging houses in Whitechapel at this time
over 8000 (a quarter of the local population)
examples of good housing in Whitechapel
Artisans Dwellings Act as part of London’s earliest slum clearance programs
in Whitechapel 11 new blocks of flats
when was the Artisans Dwellings Act
1875
who designed the new blocks of flats in Whitechapel
architect Henry Darbishire
who paid for the new blocks of flats in Whitechapel
George Peabody, who was a wealthy American who had moved to London
when did the Peabody Estate open
1881
how many flats did the Peabody Estate provide
286 flats
what were the weekly rents for the Peabody Estate
started at three shillings (15p) for a one room flat and went up to six shillings (30p) for three rooms
average weekly salary for a labourer at this time
22 shillings and 6 pence (£1.12)
common jobs in Whitechapel
sweated trades like tailoring, shoe making and making matches
railway construction or as labourers in London docks
characteristics of sweatshop work
long hours
low wages
what were hours at a sweatshop like
20 hours a day, and some slept on site
was work common in Whitechapel
no; not everyone found work and the economy became severely depressed in 1870s and employment was widespread
when where workhouses set up and part of what
in early 19th century as part of the poor relief system
who ran workhouses
Poor Law administrators
who funded workhouses
funded by the taxpayer through the workhouse union
what were workhouses
offered food and shelter to those too poor to survive in the general community
examples of people who would stay in workhouses
old
sick
disabled
orphans
unmarried mothers
what were conditions like in workhouses and why
conditions deliberately made worse than those that could be provided by a labourer for his family; did this to keep costs down by putting poor people off of entering the workhouse
what were people in workhouses made to do
tough manual labour like oakum
what is oakum
the picking apart of old rope or breaking rocks
what is a workhouse like
bad conditions
tough manual labour
wore a uniform
families split up and could be punished for even trying to talk to each other
workhouse infirmary for the sick
what was the Casual Ward at the workhouse
for those who wanted a bed for one night
how many inmates could the Casual Ward take
400
where were vagrants held in a workhouse and why
they were held separately from long-term residents as they were thought to be lazy and a bad influence on others
famous orphanage in Whitechapel at this time
Barnardo’s orphanage
who set up Barnardo’s orphanage and why
Dr Thomas Barnardo (a doctor) set up a school for children whose parents died in an outbreak of an infectious disease
when was Barnardo’s orphanage opened
1870
were there girls and boys orphanages or not
originally only for boys, but then opened a girls home
when did Barnardo die
1905
how many Barnardo’s homes were there nationally
nearly 100
how many children did a Barnardo’s orphanage care for
85 children
examples of official records (sources) for life in Whitechapel
census
board of trade reports
board of works reports
local government/Whitechapel council records
workhouse records
examples of other records (sources) for life in Whitechapel
Booths Poverty Map
the press
novels
drawings and photographs
how often is the census taken
every 10 years (1871, 1881 etc)
what does the census do
it records details about the whole of Britain’s pop like:
names
ages
relationship
employment
how is census information collected and how do they enforce the completion of the census
forms were sent to every address, help was provided where needed and punishments for inaccurate or incomplete information
who are more likely to have incomplete census information
recent immigrant populations (due to language difficulties)
what is the board of trade reports
the government department responsible for working conditions
what would board of trade inspectors do
they visited workshops and factories to see that they complied with legal requirements regarding light, ventilation etc
are the board of trade reports good sources
yes, as they contain detailed factual and objective evidence
what are board of works reports
reports from the government department responsible for the conditions of buildings
what was evidence from the board of works reports sometimes used for
to implement slum demolition
are board of works reports trustworthy
yes as they contain detailed, factual and objective evidence
what would the local gov/Whitechapel council do
they would carry out their own inspections into living and working conditions and wrote reports on their findings
example of workhouse records
Whitechapel Workhouse, South Grove
what types of people would workhouses keep records about
records about inmates
records about staff
records about buildings
what information would workhouse records keep about inmates
name
age
place of birth
occupation
relationship to other inmates
start and duration of stay
what can we find out from information about inmates from workhouse records
we can find out numbers and typical characteristics of inmates and how numbers fluctuated
what information did workhouse records contain about staff
names
jobs
etc
what can we find out from workhouse records about staff
kind of support given to inmates and ratio of inmates to staff
what information did workhouses record about buildings
details of buildings
rooms- dormitories, refectory, infirmary
separate men/women/children accommodation
what does information that workhouses recorded about buildings tell us
evidence of expenditure on repairs, like furniture
when was Booth’s poverty map made
1889
who created Booth’s poverty map and who is he
Charles Booth, a social reformer who wanted to collect evidence about London’s pop to help put pressure on gov to make social improvements
how did Booth collect evidence for his map
employed 80 investigators who followed police officers on their beat to collect detailed evidence
what types of press commonly contained comprehensive, objective, accurate and typical evidence
higher class publications like the Times
what types of press usually sensationalised and exaggerated information
more popular journals like the Illustrated Police News and East End Observer
positives of information given in novels
may contain COAT evidence
negatives of using novels as evidence
tendency to sensationalise and exaggerate to get attention and increase sales, so need to corroborate information given and test against own knowledge
famous novels dealing with poverty in Whitechapel
Tales of mean streets by Arthur Morrison (1894)
the people of the abyss by Jack London (1903)
what two groups of immigrants caused tensions in Whitechapel
Jewish/E. European
Irish
why were large numbers of Irish immigrants settling in Whitechapel
they would run out of money and not be able to continue on to America
what decade was this mass migration of Irish to Whitechapel starting to happen
1840s
what were the majority of Irish immigrants like and what would they work as
mainly young men who worked as navvies or dockers
whats a navvie
labouring jobs on canals, roads and railways
why did the Irish earn a bad reputation
violence when drunk common
Fenians
who were Fenians
Irish nationalists who wanted independence from UK rule
what did the Fenians do (example of one of their attacks)
organised bomb attack on Clerkenwell Prison leading to a rise in anti-Irish and anti-Catholic sentiment
what year was the Clerkenwell Prison bomb attack by Fenians
1867
what did the Met police do in response to increasing Fenianism and Irish immigration
set up a Special Branch to counter Irish terrorism
what did the formation of the Special Branch to tackle Irish terrorism say about the gov and views of the Irish at the time
shows how even gov believe Irish bad and a threat
police and gov prejudiced
if gov thinks this then everyone thinks this; spreads the ideology further
these views made people think Irish would be the Ripper
why was there a mass influx of Jewish immigrants from E. Europe
Jews fled Russia, Poland and Germany as pogroms (outbreaks of violence) against them and went to London
what percentage of Jewish migrants in London were located in Whitechapel
by 1888, 95%
why were Jewish immigrants resented by the local population
cultural differences and conflicting attitudes. Also quick to find employment so the English thought they were taking their jobs
what type of businesses did Jewish people commonly run and what did this mean for English businesses
tailoring sweatshops which drove businesses that had fair conditions out of business as they couldn’t keep their costs down
what caused the growth of revolutionary political movements across Europe in the 19th century
growing social and economic problems all over the continent; believed to be the answer was to overthrow the existing gov’s
year that anarchists and other revolutionaries briefly took control of Paris
1871
what did the leaders of countries taken over by anarchists do
they fled and often headed for Britain as it was seen as more politically tolerant than most European nations
how were the activities of these revolutionaries in London monitored
a Special Branch begn an undercover operation to monitor their activities
when was this Special Branch set up
1893
examples of two potentially revolutionary groups in London
anarchists
socialists
what was the first socialist party in Britain and when was it founded
Social Democratic Federation (SDF) founded in 1881
what did the SDF represent
agricultural and industrial labourers and rights of women
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