Gen Biology Quiz Reviewer(July 15)

Cell

The units of structure and function of living things.

1800

God has allowed man to know some of the intricate design and deep secrets hidden within the living cell.

Cytology or Cell Biology

The study of cells.

1970 and 1980

The field of cell biology has exploded with new discoveries, giving us a new appreciation for the design of God’s living creation.

1665

Began the idea that God divided living things into smaller parts called cells

Cells

in 1665, there began the idea that God divided living things into smaller parts.

Robert Hooke

He observed thin sections of cork with simple microscope in 1665.

Matthias Schleiden

German botanist that helped develop the cell theory in Germany during the 19th century.

Theodor Schwann

German Physiologist who founded modern histology by defining the cell as the basic unit of animal structure.

Cell Theory

1.) All living things are composed of living units called cells and cell products.

2.) All cells come only from pre-existing cells.

Variety in SIze

“the size of an organism determined by the number of its cells, not the size of its cells.”

10-20 micrometers

Variety of size on Human or animal cells.

50-70 micrometers

Size of Plant Cells

1 micrometer

Size of Bacterial Cells

Variety in Number

“Many cells are independent, living their entire existence as a single cell.”

1000 cells

Number of cells in a Rotifer

2 trillion cells

The number of cells in a born infant

30-100 trillion cells

The number of cells in an adult human

Variety in Shape

“Every kind of cell that biologist have designed”

Protoplasm

Living cells were regarded as simple bags of an amorphous gel or slime called:

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

The cell is composed primarily of 4 elements which are:

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, and Proteins

The 4 Other Major Substances in the cell:

Sodium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Chlorine, Potassium, and Calcium

Other elements that are common in cells include:

Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, and Nucleus

3 Main Parts of every Cell:

Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

Outer Boundary layer that separates the cell from its environment and controls what enters and leaves the cell.

Cytoplasm

Serves as the fluid medium, for the many molecules and organelles (little organs) the cell contains.

Nucleus

Spherical body. Located near the center of the cell. Contains the genetic material of the cell and serves as the cell’s master control center

Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

A very thin, flexible barrier separated the contents of human and animal cells from the outside environment.

Phospholipids

A special lipid molecules for the cell membrane with a small amount of cholesterol added to maintain the desired flexibility.

Lipid Bilayer

Phospholipids molecules cluster back to back, forming a two layered structure referred to as:

Membrane Skeleton

Support and reinforcement. A network of flexible reinforcement fibers beneath the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane

Spectrin

The fibers of this membrane of red blood cell, are made from strong cablelike protein called:

Actin Filaments

Many of the spectrin reinforcement fibers are attached to: (similar to those in the myofibrils of muscle cells, that allow the cell to constrict its membrane by tightening selected fibers)

Ion Pumps

Are membrane proteins that allow the cell to pump atoms (sodium, potassium, calcium and hydrogen) into or out of the cell in order to preserve the right ion balance.

Receptors

It is the proteins that informs the cell about its outside environments.

Hormones

Chemical Messengers - May of their receptors are designed to detect the chemical messengers called:

Molecular Tags

It serves as is identification tags that allow other cells to recognize the cell’s identity. It is a membrane molecule.

Cell wall

A rigid, boxlike structure outside of the cell membrane of plant. This layer stiffens the cell, allowing a plant to stand upright even though it lacks of skeleton

Lignin

It is manufactured in the plant cell that makes the cell wall stiffer by linking the cellulose threads together more strongly.

Lignin

It is responsible for the strength and stiffens of wood.

Xylem Cells

It is a certain type of plant cells that ARE DESIGNED to die when they mature.

Proteins, Lipids, and Carbohydrates

The Molecules of Cytoplasm contains:

Enzymes

Large protein molecules that are found both in cytoplasm and in the organelles.