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Renaissance
A cultural movement that emphasized humanism, the study of classical texts, and individual achievement.
Humanism
A cultural and intellectual movement of the Renaissance that emphasized the study of classical antiquity and human values.
Patronage
Financial support from wealthy individuals or families, such as the Medici, to artists and thinkers during the Renaissance.
Centralized Monarchy
A system of governance where political power is consolidated under a single sovereign, contrasting with the feudal system of the Middle Ages.
Machiavelli's The Prince
A political treatise by Niccolò Machiavelli that emphasizes pragmatic and sometimes ruthless leadership.
Printing Press
An invention by Johannes Gutenberg that revolutionized the spread of knowledge and ideas by allowing for quicker and mass production of texts.
Polyphony
A musical texture featuring two or more independent melodic lines performed simultaneously, characteristic of Renaissance music.
Civic Humanism
An ideology emphasizing the role of the individual in contributing to society and the political realm based on historical examples.
Feudalism
A political system of the Middle Ages characterized by the exchange of land for military service and loyalty, resulting in decentralized power.
Mannerism
An artistic style of the Late Renaissance known for complex compositions and emotional expression, moving away from the naturalism of the High Renaissance.
Council of Trent
A council of the Catholic Church convened to address issues of corruption and reform, countering the Protestant Reformation.
Sistine Chapel
A chapel in Vatican City, famous for its ceiling painted by Michelangelo, representing a pinnacle of High Renaissance art.
Jacques Burckhardt
A Swiss historian and art critic known for his work on the Italian Renaissance and for emphasizing the cultural significance of the period.
Hanseatic League
A commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds in Northern Europe that facilitated trade during the Renaissance.
Papal States
Territories in central Italy directly governed by the Pope, combining both religious and political authority.
House of Medici
An influential family of bankers and political leaders in Florence, significant patrons of the Renaissance.
1527 Sack of Rome
An event that marked a significant low point for the papacy and highlighted the political turmoil of Renaissance Italy.
Neoplatonism
A philosophical system that emerged during the Renaissance, blending Plato’s ideas with Christian thought.
Renaissance hermeticism
A religious and philosophical tradition associated with the teachings of Hermes Trismegistus, influential during the Renaissance.
Isabella d'Este
A prominent woman of the Renaissance known for her patronage of the arts and involvement in political affairs.
Pico della Mirandola’s Oration
A philosophical work that argues for human potential and individualism, showcasing Renaissance humanist thought.
Jan van Eyck
A Northern Renaissance painter known for his detailed oil paintings and contributions to the art of realism.
Albrecht Durer
A painter, printmaker, and theorist from the Northern Renaissance who is known for his high-quality woodcuts and engravings.
Christine de Pizan
An early feminist writer whose works argued for women's education and rights during the Renaissance.
Botticelli’s Primavera
A famous painting by Sandro Botticelli that exemplifies the beauty and themes of the Early Renaissance.
Lorenzo the Magnificent
A member of the Medici family known for his significant patronage of the arts and support for leading Renaissance artists.
Giorgio Vasari’s Lives of the Artists
An influential book documenting the lives and works of Renaissance artists, contributing to the understanding of art history.
Raphael
An Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance known for his Madonnas and large figure compositions in the Vatican.
Michelangelo
A Renaissance sculptor, painter, and architect famous for his works such as the Statue of David and the Sistine Chapel ceiling.
Leonardo da Vinci
A polymath of the Renaissance, known for masterpieces like the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, as well as contributions to science and engineering.
Baroque
An artistic style that emerged after the Renaissance characterized by dramatic expression, movement, and bold contrasts of light and shadow.
Titian
An Italian painter known for his use of color and his contributions to the Venetian school during the Renaissance.
El Greco
A Greek painter active in Spain, known for his distinctive style that combines Byzantine elements with Renaissance techniques.
The School of Athens
A famous fresco by Raphael depicting philosophers from classical antiquity, symbolizing the synthesis of classical and Renaissance thought.
Venetian Painting
A style of painting that emerged in Venice during the Renaissance, noted for its color richness and unique use of light.
Book of the Courtier
A Renaissance treatise by Baldassare Castiglione that outlines the ideal qualities of a courtier and the role of nobility and etiquette.
The Last Judgment
A fresco by Michelangelo located on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel, depicting the second coming of Christ and the final judgment of souls.
Caravaggio
An Italian Baroque painter known for his dramatic use of lighting and realistic portrayal of human figures.
Giorgio Vasari
An Italian painter and historian, recognized for his biographies of Renaissance artists in the book "Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects."
Bramante
An Italian architect whose designs were pivotal in the High Renaissance, notable for St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City.
Mona Lisa
A half-length portrait painting by Leonardo da Vinci, renowned for its enigmatic expression and masterful use of sfumato.
Humanist literature
Literary works during the Renaissance focusing on secular themes, classical antiquity, and human potential.
Renaissance Sculpture
Sculpture from the Renaissance period emphasizing realism, anatomical correctness,
Florence
A city in Italy that was a center of Renaissance culture, known for its art, architecture, and as the home of the Medici family.
Rome
The capital city of Italy, significant for its historical and cultural heritage and as the seat of the Catholic Church.
Venice
A city in Italy built on canals, known for its unique architecture and a center of trade and art during the Renaissance.
Urbino
A city in Italy known for its Renaissance art and as the birthplace of the painter Raphael.
Siena
A city in Tuscany, Italy, known for its medieval architecture and the Palio horse race, reflecting Renaissance culture.
Milan
A major city in Italy known for its fashion, design, and historical Renaissance art, including The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci.
Naples
A major city in southern Italy, significant during the Renaissance for its vibrant culture and arts.
Papal States
Territories in central Italy ruled by the Pope, playing a crucial role in the politics and culture of the Renaissance.
The Alps
A major mountain range in Europe that provided both challenges and inspiration for Renaissance artists and thinkers.
The Apennines
A mountain range running down the spine of Italy, influencing the agricultural and cultural life during the Renaissance.
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