Body Fluids exam 3: Renal and CSF

Which of the following statements about renal diseases is true?

A. Glomerular renal diseases are usually immune- mediated.

B. Vascular disorders induce renal disease by increasing renal perfusion.

C. All structural components of the kidney are equally susceptible to disease.

D. Tubulointerstitial renal diseases usually result from antibody–antigen and complement interactions.

A. Glomerular renal diseases are usually immune mediated

In glomerular diseases, morphologic changes in the glomeruli include all of the following except

A. cellular proliferation.

B. erythrocyte congestion.

C. leukocyte infiltration.

D. glomerular basement membrane thickening

B. erythrocyte congestion

When all renal glomeruli are affected by a morphologic change, this change is described as

A. diffuse.

B. focal.

C. differentiated.

D. segmental.

A. Diffuse

In glomerular renal disease, glomerular damage results from

A. deposition of infectious agents.

B. a decrease in glomerular perfusion.

C. changes in glomerular hemodynamics.

D. toxic substances induced by immune complex formation

D. toxic substances induced by immune complex formation

Clinical features that are characteristic of glomerular damage include all of the following except

A. edema.

B. hematuria.

C. proteinuria.

D. polyuria

D. polyuria

Which of the following disorders frequently occurs after a bacterial infection of the skin or throat?

A. Acute glomerulonephritis

B. Chronic glomerulonephritis

C. Membranous glomerulonephritis

D. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

A. Acute glomerulonephritis

Which of the following disorders is characterized by cellular proliferation into Bowman’s space to form cellular “crescents”?

A. Chronic glomerulonephritis

B. Membranous glomerulonephritis

C. Minimal change disease

D. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

D. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Which of the following disorders is the major cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults?

A. IgA nephropathy

B. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

C. Membranous glomerulonephritis

D. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

C. Membranous glomerulonephritis

Which of the following glomerular diseases is the major cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?

A. IgA nephropathy

B. Minimal change disease

C. Membranous glomerulonephritis

D. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

B. Minimal change disease

Which of the following statements regarding IgA nephropathy is true?

A. It often follows a mucosal infection.

B. It is associated with nephrotic syndrome.

C. It is characterized by leukocyte infiltration of the glomeruli.

D. It often occurs secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus.

A. It often follows a mucosal infection

Eighty percent of patients who develop chronic glomerulonephritis previously had some type of glomerular disease. Which of the following disorders is implicated most frequently in the development of chronic glomerulonephritis?

A. IgA nephropathy

B. Membranous glomerulonephritis

C. Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

D. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

D. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Chronic renal failure often develops in each of the following diseases except

A. amyloidosis.

B. diabetes mellitus.

C. diabetes insipidus.

D. systemic lupus erythematosus.

C. diabetes insipidus.

Which of the following features characterize(s) nephrotic syndrome?   

   1. Proteinuria
   2. Edema
   3. Hypoalbuminemia
   4. Hyperlipidemia

A. 1, 2, and 3 are correct.

B. 1 and 3 are correct.

C. 4 is correct.

D. All are correct.

D. All are correct

When a patient has nephrotic syndrome, microscopic examination of the urine sediment often reveals

A. granular casts.

B. leukocyte casts.

C. red blood cell casts.

D. waxy casts.

D. Waxy casts

Which of the following has not been associated with acute tubular necrosis?

A. Antibiotics

B. Galactosuria

C. Hemoglobinuria

D. Surgical procedures

B. Galactosuria

Which formed element in urine sediment is characteristic of toxic acute tubular necrosis and aids in its differentiation from ischemic acute tubular necrosis?

A. Collecting tubular cells

B. Granular casts

C. Proximal tubular cells

D. Waxy casts

C. Proximal tubular cells

Which of the following disorders is characterized by the urinary excretion of large amounts of arginine, cystine, lysine, and ornithine?

A. Cystinosis

B. Cystinuria

C. Lysinuria

D. Tyrosinuria

B. Cystinuria

Generalized loss of proximal tubular function is a characteristic of

A. Fanconi’s syndrome.

B. nephrotic syndrome.

C. renal glucosuria.

D. Renal tubular acidosis

A. Fanconi’s syndrome

Which of the following changes is not associated with renal tubular acidosis?

A. Decreased glomerular filtration rate

B. Decreased renal tubular secretion of hydrogen ions

C. Decreased proximal tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate

D. Increased back-diffusion of hydrogen ions in the distal tubules

A. Decreased glomerular filtration rate

Which of the following disorders is considered a lower urinary tract infection?

A. Cystitis

B. Glomerulonephritis

C. Pyelitis

D. Pyelonephritis

A. Cystitis

Most urinary tract infections are caused by

A. yeast, such as Candida spp.

B. gram-negative rods.

C. gram-positive rods.

D. gram-positive cocci.

B. gram-negative rods.

Which of the following formed elements when present in urine sediment is most indicative of an upper urinary tract infection?

A. Bacteria

B. Casts

C. Erythrocytes

D. Leukocytes

B. Casts

The most common cause of chronic pyelonephritis is

A. cystitis.

B. bacterial sepsis.

C. drug-induced nephropathies.

D. reflux nephropathies.

D. reflux nephropathies.

Eosinophiluria, fever, and skin rash are characteristic clinical features of

A. acute pyelonephritis.

B. acute interstitial nephritis.

C. acute glomerulonephritis.

D. chronic glomerulonephritis.

B. acute interstitial nephritis.

Cessation of the administration of a drug is the fastest and most effective treatment for

A. acute pyelonephritis.

B. acute interstitial nephritis.

C. acute glomerulonephritis.

D. chronic glomerulonephritis.

B. acute interstitial nephritis.

Yeast is considered part of the normal flora in each of the following locations except in the

A. gastrointestinal tract.

B. oral cavity.

C. urinary tract.

D. vagina.

C. Urinary tract

Acute kidney injury (AKI) can be caused by all of the following except

A. hemorrhage.

B. acute tubular necrosis.

C. acute pyelonephritis.

D. urinary tract obstruction.

C. acute pyelonephritis.